Electronic Systems in Competitive Motorcycles: A Systematic Review Following PRISMA Guidelines

Objectives: To systematically review and analyze electronic systems in competitive motorcycles (2020-2025), examining their technical specifications, performance impacts, and technological evolution across MotoGP, World Superbike (WSBK), MotoE, British Superbike (BSB), and Spanish Championship (ESBK) categories. Eligibility criteria: Included studies reporting technical specifications or performance data of electronic systems in professional motorcycle racing, published between January 2020 and December 2025 in English, Spanish, Italian, or Japanese. Excluded: opinion pieces, amateur racing, and studies without quantitative data. Information sources: IEEE Xplore, SAE Technical Papers, Web of Science, Scopus, and specialized motorsport databases were searched through December 15, 2025. Risk of bias: Modified Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for experimental studies and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for observational studies. Synthesis of results: Synthesis of results: Random-effects meta-analysis using DerSimonian-Laird method for homogeneous outcomes; narrative synthesis for heterogeneous data. The complete PRISMA 2020 checklist is provided in Appendix . Included studies: 87 studies met inclusion criteria (52 experimental, 38 simulation, 23 technical descriptions, 14 comparative analyses). Electronic systems were categorized into six domains: Engine Control Units (ECU, 28 studies, 22%), Vehicle Dynamics (23 studies, 18%), Traction Control (19 studies, 15%), Data Acquisition (21 studies, 17%), Braking Systems (18 studies, 14%), and Emerging Technologies (18 studies, 14%). Note that studies could address multiple domains. Limitations of evidence: Proprietary restrictions limited access to 31% of technical details; 43% lacked cross-category comparisons. Interpretation: Electronic systems are primary performance differentiators, with computational power following Moore’s Law. Future developments point toward distributed architectures and 5G telemetry. Funding: This project has been funded by the R&D programme with reference TEC-2024/TEC-62 and acronym iRoboCity2030-CM, granted by the Comunidad de Madrid through the Dirección General de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Orden 5696/2024.