Dual-Domain Superposition for Maritime Relay Communications: A Flexible-Coded Transmission Design Towards Spectrum–Reliability Synergy

Maritime relay communication has emerged as a critical application scenario for non-terrestrial networks (NTNs), providing beyond-line-of-sight (BLOS) connectivity for offshore terminals. Unlike terrestrial environments, the complex marine propagation conditions lead to signal instability. To enhance the robustness of maritime two-way relay networks (TWRNs), we propose a novel physical-layer network coding (PNC) scheme based on block Markov superposition transmission (BMST). The proposed scheme introduces a novel co-design framework that achieves dual breakthroughs: (1) robust error correction via BMST’s spatially coupled coding architecture and (2) spectral efficiency maximization through PNC’s spatial-domain signal superposition. Moreover, we develop a decoding–computing (DC) algorithm that sequentially performs iterative decoding followed by computing. Compared to the computing–decoding (CD) algorithm, the proposed DC algorithm mitigates useful information loss at relay nodes, achieving a 2.9 dB coding gain at a bit error rate (BER) of ${10}^{-5}$. Owing to the DC algorithm’s dual-layer decoding architecture, we can further improve the overall system performance through targeted optimization of either the code rate or memory size for communication sides with poor channel conditions, yielding an extra 0.2 dB gain at a BER of ${10}^{-5}$ compared to non-optimized configurations. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme significantly enhances maritime relay communication performance under harsh oceanic channel conditions while providing actionable insights for optimizing next-generation maritime communication system designs.