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Systems, Volume 14, Issue 7

2026 July - 158 articles

Cover Story: Industry 4.0 offers interconnected control systems (ICS) with cloud platforms, Internet of Things devices, AI, and digital tools. These systems enable efficient automation, productivity, and informed decision‑making. However, it also expands the possibility of cyber‑attack of the critical infrastructure. Legacy equipment, insecure protocols, weak authentication, poor segmentation, unpatched software, and human error expose ICS to malware, ransomware, espionage, data manipulation, and disruption, leading to financial loss, equipment damage, environmental harm, and threats to human safety. Risk management requires asset identification, monitoring, and vulnerability assessment. The article emphasizes access control, network segmentation, incident response, staff training, and compliance with cybersecurity standards to strengthen resilience. View this paper
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Articles (158)

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,682 Views
56 Pages

22 July 2026

The rapid expansion of large language models (LLMs) has intensified ethical challenges related to bias, accountability, transparency, and consistency in AI-mediated decision-making. While existing AI ethics principles provide normative guidance, thei...

(This article belongs to the Section Artificial Intelligence and Digital Systems Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
698 Views
33 Pages

22 July 2026

Amid the accelerated global transition toward sustainable electromobility, Chinese Electric Vehicles (EVs) have forged a complex, evolving communication ecosystem across overseas social media platforms. Conceptualizing global digital discourse as a c...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Socio-Technical Systems: Human, Organizational, and Ethical Dimensions of Intelligent Transformation)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,465 Views
20 Pages

22 July 2026

This paper extends the post-factual polity framework into AI infrastructure and public administration systems theory. It asks how proprietary analytical platforms alter the state’s capacity to produce, audit, and contest the categories through...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ethics and Governance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
592 Views
41 Pages

Climate Risk and Real Estate Bond Pricing in China

  • Wenwen Zhang,
  • Ruixin Liang and
  • Xuepeng Qian

22 July 2026

Understanding the pricing of climate risks in bond markets is relevant to financial stability. The real estate sector, characterized by geographically fixed and long-duration assets, exhibits high exposure to environmental shocks; yet, empirical matc...

(This article belongs to the Section Systems Practice in Social Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
757 Views
39 Pages

22 July 2026

This study examines the optimal coordination of internal and external rescue for troubled banks under systemic contagion. Using annual data for 210 Chinese commercial banks from 2013 to 2024, it constructs a region-constrained minimum-density interba...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk Engineering in an Era of Global Uncertainty)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,478 Views
28 Pages

22 July 2026

Corporate governance is a complex, adaptive open system; yet it is usually modeled, in the classical agency tradition, as a closed matrix of legal and financial contracts. Adopting an open systems perspective, we decode the “social software&rdq...

(This article belongs to the Section Systems Practice in Social Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
683 Views
19 Pages

22 July 2026

This paper presents a compute-efficient human-following robotic mobility system that integrates multimodal target recognition, LiDAR-based obstacle perception, hierarchical local planning, and low-level motion control into a unified perception–...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling and Optimization of Transportation and Logistics System)
  • Article
  • Open Access
500 Views
19 Pages

21 July 2026

Unexpected disruptions make it essential to develop construction project resilience. Stakeholder relationships can shape disruption handling and thus influence project resilience, yet their roles remain debated. Drawing on organizational information...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
634 Views
32 Pages

21 July 2026

Modeling complex systems typically involves multiscale analysis, multiphysics coupling, and cross-domain integration. However, existing methodologies predominantly focus on constructing and solving specific equations, lacking a unified, explicit expr...

(This article belongs to the Section Systems Theory and Methodology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
611 Views
30 Pages

A Combined intPLUS and Emission-Linkage Framework for Provincial Carbon-Balance Projection

  • Ge Shi,
  • Yutong Wang,
  • Jiantao Shi,
  • Chuang Chen and ,
  • Lin Sun and
  • Wei Wang
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

21 July 2026

Regional carbon balance emerges from the complex interplay between land-use dynamics, spatial economic activities, and ecological processes as a socio-ecological system cannot be captured by any single analytical lens. This study develops an integrat...

(This article belongs to the Topic Geospatial AI: Systems, Model, Methods, and Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
507 Views
20 Pages

21 July 2026

Academic competitions have become increasingly visible in higher education. This study examines the recorded expansion and distribution of computer science competition awards across Chinese universities. It treats these records as evidence of an awar...

(This article belongs to the Section Systems Practice in Social Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
766 Views
23 Pages

21 July 2026

Geopolitical disruptions at maritime chokepoints cascade through interconnected economic systems, yet the pathways along which such shocks travel and the nodes at which they are absorbed remain poorly understood. The aim of this study is to trace, wi...

(This article belongs to the Section Systems Practice in Social Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
502 Views
26 Pages

Game-Based Learning Strengthens Attitudinal and Normative Pathways for Sustainable Tourism Practice

  • Rafael Robina-Ramírez,
  • Ana Leal-Solís,
  • Aloysius Roets and
  • Manuel Jesús Sánchez-González

21 July 2026

This study investigates how serious games enhance sustainability learning in tourism through cognitive–emotional activation and agency-driven behavioural pathways. The sample comprised 354 students from hospitality, culinary arts, and tourism p...

(This article belongs to the Section Systems Practice in Social Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
399 Views
17 Pages

21 July 2026

Economic evaluation of Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) has long relied on sampling-based observations and average-cost assumptions, yet limited attention has been paid to whether evaluation frameworks themselves shape how the value of digital maritime g...

(This article belongs to the Section Systems Practice in Social Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
599 Views
36 Pages

20 July 2026

This paper investigates rumor dissemination dynamics with generalized nonlinear incidence in multilingual environments. We propose a novel stochastic modeling framework that integrates age structure, mandatory isolation mechanisms, and media interven...

(This article belongs to the Section Complex Systems and Cybernetics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
561 Views
26 Pages

20 July 2026

In an era characterized by frequent global supply chain disruptions, manufacturers increasingly explore strategies to safeguard operational continuity, including equity participation in upstream suppliers. This paper investigates partial vertical own...

(This article belongs to the Section Supply Chain Management)
  • Article
  • Open Access
870 Views
24 Pages

20 July 2026

South Korea has achieved internationally recognized digital government capacity and platform-based service integration, yet recent privacy and cybersecurity incidents reveal growing risks to digital trust. This article examines how national governanc...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Beyond One-Size-Fits-All Approaches: Digital Maturity Models Across Industries, Countries, and Organizational Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
673 Views
29 Pages

From Quantity-Based to Capacity-Aware Planning: Building Workload Control Readiness in a High-Variety Engineer-to-Order Manufacturer

  • Alireza Ahmadi,
  • Alessandra Cantini,
  • Stefano Frecassetti,
  • Federica Costa and
  • Alberto Portioli-Staudacher

20 July 2026

High-variety engineer-to-order (ETO) manufacturers often rely on quantity-based planning logic, in which planned output is weakly connected to finite machine and labor capacity. This disconnect can create workload peaks, congested queues, and deliver...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human-Centric and Inclusive Emerging Approaches for Sustainable and Resilient Industry 5.0 Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
617 Views
27 Pages

20 July 2026

Traditional financial distress early-warning models mostly rely on lagged structured financial indicators, which fail to capture the potential credit risks associated with the climate transition of green enterprises. Taking A-share listed green compa...

(This article belongs to the Topic Artificial Intelligence and Sustainable Development)
  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,060 Views
28 Pages

X-AI Techniques for Human–AI Teams: The Implementation-Design Framework

  • John Turner,
  • Hoda Parvaneh Shirazi,
  • Heesun Kim,
  • Jiajia Du and ,
  • Yeonji Jung and
  • Xiaoyan Xu
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

20 July 2026

Explainable artificial intelligence (X-AI) techniques aim to make the actions and decisions of autonomous systems understandable to humans interacting with these systems. In human–AI teams, explainability supports individual understanding and c...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human-AI (H-AI) Teams: Designing for Human-AI Interactions)
  • Article
  • Open Access
496 Views
25 Pages

19 July 2026

Fiscal shocks in post-land-finance China are weakening the funding basis of capital-intensive metro public-private partnership (PPP) projects, but the system-level mechanism through which public fiscal stress becomes subcontractor-level financial via...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systems Thinking for Business Strategic Management: Innovation and Resilience)
  • Article
  • Open Access
546 Views
22 Pages

19 July 2026

The impact of chain-leading (hub) firms’ forward-looking information disclosure on supply chain collaborative innovation remains underexplored. Based on panel data of Chinese A-share manufacturing listed firms from 2014 to 2024, this study adop...

(This article belongs to the Section Supply Chain Management)
  • Article
  • Open Access
464 Views
31 Pages

18 July 2026

Provincial innovation systems can be understood as complex adaptive networks in which connectivity and resilience-enabling conditions emerge from heterogeneous local capabilities, spatial constraints, and relational configurations. Taking 95 county-l...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Dynamics and Resilience of Innovation Networks in a Disruptive World)
  • Article
  • Open Access
673 Views
23 Pages

18 July 2026

Complex and wicked problems characterized by high levels of uncertainty motivate the use of multimethodology (or methodological pluralism) in which different methodologies and methods are combined to better approach problems and develop solutions. Th...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systems Thinking and Design for Transformative Innovation)
  • Article
  • Open Access
366 Views
27 Pages

17 July 2026

Cellular manufacturing (CM) has been extensively studied and is widely recognized as a resilient and effective production system. With respect to labor-intensive cells, recent studies have primarily concentrated on mixed-integer programming (MIP) mod...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Scheduling and Optimization in Production and Transportation Systems (2nd Edition))
  • Article
  • Open Access
451 Views
24 Pages

AI Agents for Supply Chain: Path Following Control Using Adaptive Kalman Filter Reinforcement Learning

  • Petru Stefan Vasian,
  • Ionut Dancau,
  • Catalin Dumitrescu,
  • Eduard-Cristian Popovici and
  • Petrica Ciotirnae

17 July 2026

Path following control is a fundamental problem in robotics and autonomous systems, essential for the navigation of vehicles, drones, and mobile robots. The goal is to maintain a system on a predefined path despite external perturbations and complex...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI Applications in Transportation and Logistics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
458 Views
33 Pages

17 July 2026

In the context of increasingly frequent and highly unpredictable unconventional emergencies and growing supply chain uncertainty, traditional static reward-and-punishment mechanisms often fail to curb enterprises’ speculative stockpiling, leadi...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Operation and Supply Chain Risk Management)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
521 Views
25 Pages

17 July 2026

Green innovation performance (GIP) in new energy enterprises emerges from complex interactions among technological, organizational, and institutional resource subsystems, yet existing research predominantly applies linear, single-factor approaches th...

(This article belongs to the Section Systems Practice in Social Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,668 Views
52 Pages

Beyond AI Narratives: AI Washing and Organizational Resilience

  • Yufei Xia,
  • Jikang Sun,
  • Jiarun Liu,
  • Kun Fang and ,
  • Huiyi Shi and
  • Na Li
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

17 July 2026

Artificial intelligence (AI) is widely viewed as a technological foundation for organizational resilience. Yet firms may strategically exaggerate their AI-related narratives without corresponding substantive investment. This study examines whether su...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Socio-Technical Systems: Human, Organizational, and Ethical Dimensions of Intelligent Transformation)
  • Article
  • Open Access
437 Views
37 Pages

17 July 2026

Autonomous driving technology enables precise motion control and creates substantial opportunities for improving the operation of signalized intersections. However, the performance trade-offs among autonomous vehicles at signalized intersections, and...

(This article belongs to the Section Artificial Intelligence and Digital Systems Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
475 Views
29 Pages

17 July 2026

Context is at the heart of systemic cognition, a new theoretical framework that supports human systems integration (HSI) of sociotechnical systems (STSs). An STS is a complex system that involves humans and machines. Our claim is that we cannot discu...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Context Models for Human Systems Integration)
  • Article
  • Open Access
944 Views
28 Pages

17 July 2026

This article develops a systems-thinking framework to analyze and govern interconnections among the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Contemporary policy challenges, including food insecurity, climate change, water and energy security, inequality...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systems Approaches to Sustainable Development)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,708 Views
27 Pages

17 July 2026

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly embedded in high-stakes socio-technical systems, intensifying concerns about autonomy, accountability, data rights, and fundamental-rights protection. This article develops an exploratory, expert-informed...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ethics and Governance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
455 Views
24 Pages

16 July 2026

To address the multi-objective conflicts among cost, time, and carbon emissions in Guangxi cross-border container multimodal transport—under the influence of factors such as tariffs, fluctuating customs clearance efficiency, and carbon emission...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Efficiency, Emissions, and Optimization in Sustainable Maritime Transport and Logistics Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
581 Views
26 Pages

16 July 2026

This study develops a computational framework for quantifying how technological disruptions are associated with shifts in media–public discourse alignment. Using the public release of ChatGPT (30 November 2022) as a temporal breakpoint, we exam...

(This article belongs to the Section Complex Systems and Cybernetics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,282 Views
36 Pages

16 July 2026

Large language models (LLMs) can assist lesson planning, but simple prompts often yield incomplete and misaligned outputs. This study proposes a three-step prompt framework grounded in Bloom’s taxonomy, Adaptive Control of Thought-Rational (ACT...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digitalization and Artificial Intelligence in Educational Systems: Challenges and Opportunities)
  • Article
  • Open Access
630 Views
23 Pages

16 July 2026

Smart-city governance increasingly relies on data infrastructures to connect public agencies, digital platforms, and urban services; however, complex emergencies continue to expose fragmentation in information sharing, administrative responsibilities...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systemic Governance in Smart Cities: Rethinking Urban Complexity)
  • Article
  • Open Access
470 Views
18 Pages

16 July 2026

In the era of carbon neutrality, urban competition has evolved from single-dimensional economic rivalry to multidimensional competition emphasizing green and sustainable development. However, it remains unclear whether digital infrastructure, the phy...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic System Management, Sustainability, and Innovation in Digital Environments)
  • Article
  • Open Access
784 Views
32 Pages

16 July 2026

As a booming application domain in sharing economy, the crowd logistics services (CLSs) have emerged in recent years to take advantage of under-utilized resources for generating economic value. However, unduly designed CLS system platforms may suffer...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Logistics Systems at the Crossroads of Industry 4.0: Technological Challenges and Strategic Opportunities)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
712 Views
42 Pages

15 July 2026

The formation mechanisms of Urban Vitality have been constrained by the limitations of traditional linear driving hypotheses, and the fragmented analysis of subjective and objective factors. Integrating the explainable machine learning model XGBoost-...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence and Data-Driven Analytics in Smart City Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
701 Views
28 Pages

15 July 2026

In response to intensifying environmental pressures and the rapid pace of digital transformation, firms are increasingly turning to artificial intelligence (AI) as a tool to support sustainable development. Using panel data from Chinese A-share-liste...

(This article belongs to the Topic Artificial Intelligence and Sustainable Development)
  • Article
  • Open Access
534 Views
36 Pages

14 July 2026

Escalating threats from natural disasters and technical failures underscore the critical role of infrastructure resilience in sustaining operations and reducing losses. Existing studies have advanced resilience optimization, but still provide limited...

(This article belongs to the Section Complex Systems and Cybernetics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
397 Views
38 Pages

13 July 2026

Against the background of the low-carbon energy transition, China’s energy system faces energy structure risks caused by high-carbon path dependence, external dependence on oil and gas, and insufficient new energy substitution capacity. This pa...

(This article belongs to the Section Systems Practice in Social Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
633 Views
40 Pages

13 July 2026

In online innovation communities, idea diffusion constitutes a core mechanism through which user-generated ideas are transformed into collective innovation outcomes. However, existing research remains fragmented and lacks a process-oriented explanati...

(This article belongs to the Section Artificial Intelligence and Digital Systems Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
765 Views
23 Pages

Cybersecurity Risk in Industrial Control Systems in Industry 4.0

  • Imo Enang,
  • Iniobong Enang and
  • Ikpe Justice Akpan

13 July 2026

Industrial control systems (ICSs) are the operational technology that monitors and directs physical processes across critical infrastructure. They sit at the core of Industry 4.0. Once these systems are connected to digital platforms and service chai...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Transformation and Innovation in Product–Service Systems in Industry 4.0)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
586 Views
33 Pages

13 July 2026

Global climate challenges and regulatory pressures have strengthened the link between carbon risk and corporate financial distress. We examine the impact of carbon risk on corporate financial distress and its underlying mechanisms using China’s...

(This article belongs to the Section Systems Practice in Social Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
674 Views
22 Pages

13 July 2026

Customer satisfaction offers economic benefits and competitive advantage to manufacturing enterprises. However, a gap exists in understanding how to achieve customer satisfaction due to the complexities involved in coordinating various subsystems of...

(This article belongs to the Section Systems Theory and Methodology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
596 Views
24 Pages

13 July 2026

The digitalization of tax administration (DTA) represents a transformative institutional reform; however, its influence on regional entrepreneurship remains both theoretically ambiguous and empirically understudied. Drawing on institutional theory, w...

(This article belongs to the Section Systems Practice in Social Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
908 Views
32 Pages

13 July 2026

This study investigates the performance implications of Industry 4.0 (I4.0) adoption in manufacturing small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) through an integrated analytical framework combining transformation modeling, composite performance measur...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Digital Technologies in Manufacturing and Production Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
510 Views
24 Pages

13 July 2026

At present, the organisational landscape, which aims to provide value through its product and service offerings, must have the necessary infrastructure to deliver at the expected service levels. This requires the appropriate adaptation of existing fr...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategic Management Towards Organisational Resilience (2nd Edition))

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Systems - ISSN 2079-8954