Improving the Performance of Lightweight Crumb Rubber Mortar Using Synthetic, Natural, and Hybrid Fiber Reinforcements
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Materials
2.2. Mix Proportion
2.3. Mixing Sequence
2.4. Experimental Test
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Workability
3.2. Density
3.3. Compressive Strength
3.4. Flexural Strength
3.5. Tensile Strength
4. Conclusions
- In fresh paste workability, the addition of 0.4–3.2% admixture for 5–15% CR replacement resulted in an average of 27% flowability reduction for all types of fiber reinforcements. It can be observed that increasing the volume of CR aggregates reduces the paste flowability more than adding fibers. Flowability reductions caused by fibers are minimal and only observed when the volume fraction of fibers (Vf) in the CRM is increased.
- In compression, the average performance of the coconut fiber is 27% better than the plain CRM while the addition of kenaf and synthetic fibers deteriorated the compressive strength by 17% and 13%. For the hybrid fibers, the synthetic-coconut and synthetic-kenaf combinations are 18% and 16% stronger than the plain CRM. Hence, the best single fiber reinforcement is coconut fiber, while the best reinforcement for hybrid fibers is in the order of synthetic-coconut > synthetic-kenaf.
- In flexure, the addition of single fibers weakened the plain CRM by an average of 4% (coconut), 13% (kenaf), and 22% (synthetic). The hybridization between the fibers further deteriorated the unreinforced CRM by 84% (synthetic-coconut) and 70% (synthetic-kenaf). It can be concluded that the addition of fibers did not improve the flexural strength of the cement composites containing crumb rubber aggregates.
- In tension, the average improvements delivered to the plain CRM by coconut and synthetic fiber reinforcement are 10% and 0.10%, respectively. Kenaf fibers deteriorated the tensile strength of the unreinforced CRM by 9%. For the hybrid fibers, the performance is 10% (synthetic-coconut) and 194% (synthetic-kenaf) superior to plain CRM. As a result, the most effective reinforcement for a single fiber is in the order of coconut > synthetic, while the most effective reinforcements for the hybrid fibers are synthetic-kenaf > synthetic-coconut combinations.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Designation | Crumb Rubber (%) |
Total Fiber Volume Fraction, Vf (%) | Admixture (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Synthetic Fibers | Coconut Fibers | Kenaf Fibers | |||||
1 | CR5 | 5 | - | - | - | - | 0.4 |
2 | CR10 | 10 | - | - | - | - | 0.6 |
3 | CR10 | 15 | - | - | - | - | 3.2 |
4 | C5K6 | 5 | - | - | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.4 |
5 | C10K6 | 10 | - | - | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
6 | C15K6 | 15 | - | - | 0.6 | 0.6 | 3.2 |
7 | C5C6 | 5 | - | 0.6 | - | 0.6 | 0.4 |
8 | C10C6 | 10 | - | 0.6 | - | 0.6 | 0.6 |
9 | C15C6 | 15 | - | 0.6 | - | 0.6 | 3.2 |
10 | C5F6 | 5 | 0.6 | - | - | 0.6 | 0.4 |
11 | C10F6 | 10 | 0.6 | - | - | 0.6 | 0.6 |
12 | C15F6 | 15 | 0.6 | - | - | 0.6 | 3.2 |
13 | C5F6K6 | 5 | 0.6 | - | 0.6 | 1.2 | 0.4 |
14 | C10F6K6 | 10 | 0.6 | - | 0.6 | 1.2 | 0.6 |
15 | C15F6K6 | 15 | 0.6 | - | 0.6 | 1.2 | 3.2 |
16 | C5F6C6 | 5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | - | 1.2 | 0.4 |
17 | C10F6C6 | 10 | 0.6 | 0.6 | - | 1.2 | 0.6 |
18 | C15F6C6 | 15 | 0.6 | 0.6 | - | 1.2 | 3.2 |
No. | Designation | Cement (g/m3) | Sand (g/m3) | Crumb Rubber (g/m3) | Synthetic Fibers (g/m3) | Coconut Fibers (g/m3) | Kenaf Fibers (g/m3) | Water (g/m3) | w/c Ratio | Admixture (g/m3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | CR5 | 1999.36 | 3298.94 | - | - | - | - | 1199.61 | 0.6 | - |
2 | CR10 | 1999.36 | 3133.99 | 164.95 | - | - | - | 1151.63 | 0.6 | 8.00 |
3 | CR15 | 1999.36 | 2969.04 | 329.89 | - | - | - | 1127.64 | 0.6 | 12.00 |
4 | C5K6 | 1999.36 | 2804.10 | 494.84 | - | - | - | 1103.64 | 0.6 | 63.98 |
5 | C10K6 | 1999.36 | 3133.99 | 164.95 | - | - | 12.00 | 1151.63 | 0.6 | 8.00 |
6 | C15K6 | 1999.36 | 2969.04 | 329.89 | - | - | 12.00 | 1127.64 | 0.6 | 12.00 |
7 | C5C6 | 1999.36 | 2804.10 | 494.84 | - | - | 12.00 | 1103.64 | 0.6 | 63.98 |
8 | C10C6 | 1999.36 | 3133.99 | 164.95 | - | 12.00 | - | 1151.63 | 0.6 | 8.00 |
9 | C15C6 | 1999.36 | 2969.04 | 329.89 | - | 12.00 | - | 1127.64 | 0.6 | 12.00 |
10 | C5F6 | 1999.36 | 2804.10 | 494.84 | - | 12.00 | - | 1103.64 | 0.6 | 63.98 |
11 | C10F6 | 1999.36 | 3133.99 | 164.95 | 12.00 | - | - | 1151.63 | 0.6 | 8.00 |
12 | C15F6 | 1999.36 | 2969.04 | 329.89 | 12.00 | - | - | 1127.64 | 0.6 | 12.00 |
13 | C5F6K6 | 1999.36 | 2804.10 | 494.84 | 12.00 | - | - | 1103.64 | 0.6 | 63.98 |
14 | C10F6K6 | 1999.36 | 3133.99 | 164.95 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 1151.63 | 0.6 | 8.00 |
15 | C15F6K6 | 1999.36 | 2969.04 | 329.89 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 1127.64 | 0.6 | 12.00 |
16 | C5F6C6 | 1999.36 | 2804.10 | 494.84 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 1103.64 | 0.6 | 63.98 |
17 | C10F6C6 | 1999.36 | 3133.99 | 164.95 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 1151.63 | 0.6 | 8.00 |
18 | C15F6C6 | 1999.36 | 2969.04 | 329.89 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 1127.64 | 0.6 | 12.00 |
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Zainal, S.M.I.S.; Mattius, D.; Baba, Z.; Rizalman, A.N.; Hejazi, F. Improving the Performance of Lightweight Crumb Rubber Mortar Using Synthetic, Natural, and Hybrid Fiber Reinforcements. Fibers 2023, 11, 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11010009
Zainal SMIS, Mattius D, Baba Z, Rizalman AN, Hejazi F. Improving the Performance of Lightweight Crumb Rubber Mortar Using Synthetic, Natural, and Hybrid Fiber Reinforcements. Fibers. 2023; 11(1):9. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11010009
Chicago/Turabian StyleZainal, S. M. Iqbal S., Debbie Mattius, Zulhelmi Baba, Ahmad Nurfaidhi Rizalman, and Farzad Hejazi. 2023. "Improving the Performance of Lightweight Crumb Rubber Mortar Using Synthetic, Natural, and Hybrid Fiber Reinforcements" Fibers 11, no. 1: 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11010009