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Article

Wear Behavior of Monolithic Zirconia after Staining, Glazing, and Polishing Opposing Dental Restorative Materials: An In Vitro Study

by
Lívia Fiorin
1,
Paulo Eduardo Barros Souza Oliveira
2,
Allan Oliveira da Silva
1,
Adriana Cláudia Lapria Faria
2,
Ana Paula Macedo
2,
Ricardo Faria Ribeiro
2 and
Renata Cristina Silveira Rodrigues
2,*
1
Oral Rehabilitation Graduate Program, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Dental School of Ribeirao Preto of University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14040-904, SP, Brazil
2
Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Dental School of Ribeirao Preto of University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14040-904, SP, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Coatings 2023, 13(2), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020466
Submission received: 16 January 2023 / Revised: 2 February 2023 / Accepted: 14 February 2023 / Published: 18 February 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Bioactive Coatings and Biointerfaces)
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Abstract

:
The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the effect of staining, glazing, and polishing on the wear behavior of stabilized zirconia with 5 mol% of yttrium oxide (5Y-TZP) opposing 5Y-TZP, leucite-reinforced ceramic (LC), lithium disilicate (LD), and microhybrid composite resin (MCR). Hemispheres of 5Y-TZP were divided into six groups (n = 10) according to the finishing procedure: C (control), S (staining), G (glazing), P (polishings), SG (staining plus glazing), and SP (staining plus polishing). The two-body wear test (2BW) was performed (20 N load, at 2 Hz, until 300,000 cycles). Vertical height loss of hemispheres (VHL) and wear depth of restorative materials (WD) were analyzed using a profile projector and laser confocal microscope, respectively. Data of VHL and WD were analyzed using a generalized linear model by the Wald test and t post hoc test with the Bonferroni adjustment (α = 0.05). The staining, glazing, polishing, and restorative material had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on VHL and WD. Polishing reduced VHL opposing MCR, LC, and LD. There was an increase in WD to G opposing LD and SG opposing MCR. The 5Y-TZP presented the highest wear resistance, while MCR presented the lowest. Polishing was recommended to promote staining durability and decrease wear rates opposing MCR and LD.

1. Introduction

The increase in patients’ demand for highly aesthetic restorations has led to the introduction of high-strength ceramics in dentistry. Zirconia has been widely used to manufacture monolithic or porcelain-veneered restorations. The partially stabilized zirconia with 3 mol% of yttrium oxide (3Y-TZP) is indicated to manufacture frameworks due to its excellent mechanical properties and low translucency, and requires porcelain veneer to present satisfactory aesthetics. However, porcelain-veneered restorations were related to failures, such as porcelain chipping and delamination. To avoid these complications, porcelain-veneered restorations have recently been replaced by monolithic restorations. The zirconia microstructure was modified to be able to the use for monolithic restorations [1,2]. The percentage of yttrium oxide content was increased to 4 mol% (4Y-TZP) and 5 mol% (5Y-TZP) to make these materials more translucent and suitable for manufacturing monolithic restorations on posterior and anterior regions, respectively. The 5Y-TZP presents a mixed cubic/tetragonal structure, in which cubic crystals have a large grain size and isotropic refractive index, and less light scattering at the grain boundaries, making this material more translucent than 3Y-TZP and 4Y-TZP [1,2,3].
The color of 5Y-TZP is white to ivory; however, preshaded blocks were recently developed, adding metal oxides to zirconia powder [4]. Furthermore, preshaded zirconia can be additionally characterized using extrinsic stains on the 5Y-TZP surface after sintering to mimic the appearance of natural teeth [4,5]. It was related that these stains can affect the surface roughness [6], color stability [5], translucency [5,7], hardness [6], flexural strength [7], and fatigue behavior [8], but the effect of staining on wear behavior is unclear. Additionally, the finishing procedure is recommended to protect the stain layer, improving the staining durability during function [9,10]. The finishing procedures, such as glazing and polishing, present advantages, such as creating a smoothing surface, enhancing surface gloss, and decreasing the wear rate of the antagonist teeth [11]. However, there is no well-established method of finishing procedure to protect the stain layer and decrease wear rates of dental restorative material that can be found as an antagonist.
The 5Y-TZP used to manufacture monolithic restorations will be in direct contact with the opposing teeth or restorative materials, raising concerns about the wear behavior. The wear behavior must be investigated because it is expected that the dental restorative material will not accentuate the wear on natural teeth, and not compromise the longevity of other restorations present in the oral environment [12,13]. Wear can be defined as the loss of substance from a surface as a result of friction between two materials, being affected by their microstructure, roughness, and strength [12,13,14]. Some authors found that staining and/or finishing procedures increased the surface roughness of 5Y-TZP [6], making it necessary to investigate the effect of these surface treatments on wear behavior using wear tests to predict the clinical wear resistance [15,16]. It was important because excessive wear has been related to clinical complications such as damage to the occlusal surface, marginal gaps, reduced masticatory efficiency, loss of occlusion vertical dimension, and temporomandibular joint remodeling [12,17].
Although the wear behavior of 3Y-TZP has been widely investigated [14,15,16,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27], a few studies investigated the wear behavior of 5Y-TZP [23,24,28,29,30,31]. Among these studies, some compared the wear behavior of polished 3Y, 4Y, and 5Y-TZP opposing steatite antagonists [23,24], while others investigated the wear behavior of polished 5Y-TZP opposing bovine enamel [28], human enamel [29,30], composite resin [30,31], and lithium disilicate [30,31], but the effects of staining and finishing procedures on the wear behavior of 5Y-TZP opposing dental restorative materials were not evaluated. Therefore, the purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of staining, glazing, and polishing on the wear behavior of 5Y-TZP opposing 5Y-TZP, leucite-reinforced ceramic, lithium disilicate, and microhybrid composite resin. The null hypothesis tested was that staining, glazing, and polishing have no influence on the wear behavior of 5Y-TZP opposing different dental restorative materials.

2. Materials and Methods

Two types of specimens were obtained: 240 hemispheres of stabilized zirconia with 5 mol% yttrium oxide (5Y-TZP) and 60 square-shaped specimens of each dental restorative material used as antagonist (Table 1).
Hemispheres of 5Y-TZP were manufactured by CAD/CAM (Figure 1), sintered in a furnace (inFire HTC Speed, Dentsply Sirona, Charlotte, NC, USA) with maximum temperature of 1450 °C according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and divided into 6 groups (n = 10) according to finishing procedure: C (control), S (staining), G (glazing), P (polishing), SG (staining plus glazing), and SP (staining plus polishing). All finishing procedures were performed by a single trained operator (L.F.).
Staining and glazing were performed after sintering, applying a single layer of stain (Stain Orange InSync, Jensen GmbH, Harsum, Germany) or glaze paste (Glaze InSync, Jensen GmbH, Harsum, Germany) using a brush, after being fired in a furnace (Sinter Press Alumini, EDG, Sao Carlos, Brazil) [6] (Figure 2). The thickness of this layer was approximately 100 µm [9]. SG received glaze layer after staining, and it was fired two times [6].
Polishing was performed using a device for standardizing [6]. This device consisted of a modified parallelometer, which allowed the positioning of the specimen, diamond polisher, and rotary instrument, ensuring standardization of the load applied to specimens during polishing. The polishing was performed in two steps. In the first, medium (W16DC Diacera, Eve Ernst Vetter GmbH, Keltern, Germany) and fine (W16DCmf Diacera, Eve Ernst Vetter GmbH, Keltern, Germany) diamond polishers with point shapes were used to polish conical surface of hemisphere for 30 s [32,33,34]. In the second, medium (DT-H17DCmf Diacera, Eve Ernst Vetter GmbH, Keltern, Germany) and fine (DT-H17DC Diacera, Eve Ernst Vetter GmbH, Keltern, Germany) diamond polishers with twist shapes were used to polish the apex of hemisphere for 10 s. Both steps used slow-speed dental handpiece (Micromotor, Dabi Atlante, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil) at 10,000 rpm. Diamond polisher was replaced after polishing five specimens [33]. SP received polishing after staining [6] (Figure 3).
Square-shaped specimens (10 mm × 8 mm × 3 mm) were obtained from 5Y-TZP, lithium disilicate, leucite-reinforced ceramic, and microhybrid composite resin. The 5Y-TZP and lithium disilicate specimens were sectioned from their blocks with a diamond disk (Diamond Wafering Blade, Allied High Tech Products Inc, Compton, CA, USA) in a high precision cut (Isomet 1000 Precision Saw, Buehler, Uzwil, Switzerland) under water cooling. The 5Y-TZP was sintered (inFire HTC Speed, Dentsply Sirona, Charlotte, NC, USA), and the lithium disilicate was crystallized (Sinter Press Alumini, EDG, Sao Carlos, Brazil) according to their respective manufacturer’s instructions. One specimen of 5Y-TZP was molded in order to obtain a silicon matrix that was used to obtain leucite-reinforced ceramic and microhybrid composite resin specimens. For leucite-reinforced ceramic specimens, wax patterns were made using a silicon matrix; then, they were invested, submitted to the investment heating cycle, and heat-pressed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The microhybrid composite resin specimens were built into the silicone matrix in incremental process followed by light-curing for 40 s to each increment. All square-shaped specimens were embedded in PVC rings using auto-polymerizing acrylic resin to be positioned on the wear testing machine and polished with sequential sandpaper (grit: 320, 400, 600, 1200) (211Q, 3M Espe, St. Paul, MN, USA).
The two-body wear (2BW) test was performed using a chewing simulator developed by Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics of Dental School of Ribeirao Preto of University of São Paulo [35]. Hemispheres were fixed in vertical loading poles under a 20 N load and 2 Hz frequency, and plane specimens were positioned in a recipient that performed sliding motion in a 5 mm linear course. Specimens were tested immersed in distilled water at 37 °C. It was performed for 300,000 cycles, where each cycle included a downward vertical movement (occlusion), 5 mm of sliding motion (eccentric loading), and an upward vertical movement (disocclusion), simulating 18 months of clinical service [27,36,37,38]. After testing, the specimens were ultrasonically cleaned in distilled water for 5 min.
The vertical height loss of hemispheres (VHL) (n = 10) was measured using a profile projector (Profile Projector, Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) at 10× magnification. The initial and final profiles were traced on transparent paper, and the difference between them was measured using 0.01 mm digital pachymeter (Absolute Digital Pachymeter, Mitutoyo South American, Suzano, Sao Paulo, Brazil) [35]. The laser confocal microscopy (LEXT OLS4000, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) and its respective software (LEXT 3D Measuring Laser Microscope OLS4000, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) were used to analyze the surface topography of all groups and wear depth of restorative material used as antagonist (WD) (n = 10).
Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics (SPSS v20.0, IBM). The VHL and WD were analyzed using generalized linear model by Wald test and t post hoc test. All paired comparisons were performed with the Bonferroni adjustment (α = 0.05).

3. Results

Figure 4 illustrates the surface morphology of 5Y-TZP after staining, glazing, and polishing. The C and P groups showed a more regular surface morphology. The G, S, and SG groups showed large irregularities, while polishing regularized the surface after staining (SP group).
Mean values and standard deviations of VHL and WD after 2BW are shown in Table 2 and Table 3, respectively. The Wald test (Table 3) showed that the use of stains, finishing procedure, and restorative material used as the antagonist (all p < 0.001) had a significant effect on VHL. Polishing reduced VHL for 5Y-TZP (C = G > P), microhybrid composite resin (C = G > P), leucite-reinforced ceramic (C = G > P), and lithium disilicate (G > C > P), while glazing increased VHL for lithium disilicate (G > C = P). In the presence of staining, the finishing procedure had no influence on VHL for microhybrid composite resin (S = SG = SP) and leucite-reinforced ceramic (S = SG = SP), while polishing reduced VHL for 5Y-TZP (S = SG > SP) and lithium disilicate (S = SG > SP). The 5Y-TZP used as an antagonist was responsible for the high mean values of VHL.
All restorative materials used as antagonists were abraded by 2BW. The presence of staining (p = 0.042), finishing procedure (p < 0.001), and restorative material used as the antagonist (p < 0.001) had a significant effect on WD. Polishing reduced the WD of microhybrid composite resin (C = G > P), while glazing increased the WD of lithium disilicate (G > C = P). In the presence of staining, glazing increased the WD of microhybrid composite resin (SG > S = SP), while it had no influence on the WD of 5Y-TZP (S = SG = SP), leucite-reinforced ceramic (S = SG = SP), and lithium disilicate (S = SG = SP). The highest mean values of WD were found for microhybrid composite resin, and were the lowest for 5Y-TZP (Table 4). For all groups, leucite-reinforced ceramic, and lithium disilicate presented similar and intermediate wear behavior.

4. Discussion

The results of the current investigation support the rejection of the null hypothesis. The staining, glazing, and polishing influenced the wear behavior of 5Y-TZP opposing different dental restorative materials. Polishing reduced the VHL of 5Y-TZP opposing 5Y-TZP, microhybrid composite resin, leucite-reinforced ceramic, and lithium disilicate, and reduced the WD of microhybrid composite resin, while glazing increased the WD of G opposing lithium disilicate and SG opposing microhybrid composite resin. The presence of staining and finishing procedures were chosen in this study to represent different scenarios of monolithic zirconia restoration.
Previous studies investigated the wear behavior of polished 3Y, 4Y, and 5Y-TZP opposing steatite antagonists and found no difference among them [23,24], but the effect of staining and glazing was not considered. For 3Y-TZP, studies have shown that polishing reduces the wear of human enamel compared with glazing [18,19,20,22]. However, the results found for 3Y-TZP cannot be considered for 5Y-TZP, because these materials present significant differences in crystalline phase content, microstructure, and mechanical properties, which affect wear behavior [12].
The VHL mean values represent the loss of glaze (for G and SG groups) and/or stain layer (for S, SG, and SP groups), considering that each layer measures approximately 100 μm [8]. The G group presented VHL above 100 μm, demonstrating that the glaze layer was lost after 2BW, corroborating with other studies [18,19,20,39]. This fact can be explained by potential chemical incompatibility [40,41] and differences in thermal expansion coefficients [42] of zirconia and glaze paste, resulting in a weak interface between them. This weak interface is considered the greatest problem of glazed zirconia and creates a fragile region that can give rise to delamination and production of critical defects, increasing the antagonist wear [20]. This study found that the G group increased the VHL and WD opposing LD, and the SG group increased the WD of microhybrid composite resin. It is possible that delamination of the glaze layer exposed a rough zirconia substructure [19,25], and delaminated glaze particles acted as a third abrasion agent, justifying these results.
In view of the need to select a finishing procedure for non-stained monolithic zirconia restorations, the results of this study suggest that polishing is better than glazing, because decreased VHL opposed all dental restorative materials investigated and also decreased WD of microhybrid composite resin. This fact can be attributed to zirconia’s ability to retain the initial surface smoothness after polishing for the P group, and the weak interface between zirconia and glaze paste related to the G group. Additionally, polishing offers the dental clinician the advantage of finishing the restoration chairside without the need for an expensive firing furnace or glazing cycles [29].
Regarding staining durability, previous studies found that glaze can protect the stain layer on glass ceramics [9,10]. Dal Piva et al. [16] investigated the stain durability (stain plus glaze) after a three-body wear test without an antagonist, and found that stain and glaze layers were removed from 4Y-TZP after 600,000 cycles. In this study, the glaze protected the stain layer of the SG group opposing microhybrid composite resin and leucite-reinforced ceramic. However, it is possible that the glaze and stain layer was removed after more than 300,000 cycles. Furthermore, polishing after staining reduced VHL and protected the stain layer for the SP group opposing lithium disilicate, leucite-reinforced ceramic, and microhybrid composite resin. The stain layer was removed for all groups opposing 5Y-TZP, regardless of the finishing procedure that was used. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that polishing is recommended to protect the stain layer instead of glazing, and stain durability was related to the abrasiveness of dental restorative material used as an antagonist.
The relationship between surface roughness and wear behavior is expounded by the literature. Many studies correlated rougher surfaces with the increase in the attrition coefficient and consequently increased the wear on the antagonist [20,43]. The most uniform and smooth surfaces found in the C, P, and SP groups on laser confocal microscopy can justify the lowest VHL opposing all dental restorative materials investigated and the lowest WD opposing lithium disilicate and microhybrid composite resin.
The wear behavior of dental restorative materials differs significantly according to microstructure, fracture toughness, and fatigue strength. Wear occurs during crack formation and propagation, explaining the high wear resistance for materials with high fracture toughness and fatigue strength [12,20,44]. The 5Y-TZP showed the highest wear resistance, according to previous studies [27,29,30,31]. Its high wear resistance could be explained by the difficulty for cracks to propagate in a polycrystalline microstructure, and the high values of fracture toughness [6]. The effect of hardness on wear resistance has been discussed. Some authors argued that hardness is related to wear resistance [14,28], while others claim that there is no correlation between them [17,31].
Glass ceramics (leucite-reinforced ceramic and lithium disilicate) presented intermediate and similar wear behavior after 2BW, in line with another study [27]. The wear on glass ceramics occurs from crack formation and propagation. During the wear process, the edge of individual crystals of the crystalline phase may have been exposed, increasing surface roughness and intensifying wear [12]. Some authors related that polished 5Y-TZP caused high wear rates on lithium disilicate due to the presence of microfractures and grain dislodgment, which increased the wear during 2BW [30].
Resin composite is widely used in dentistry, and is a common antagonist. The MCR was the dental restorative material that showed the lowest wear resistance. This wear occurs preferentially in the resin matrix, exposing filler particles that may have acted as a third abrasive agent [12]. The high values of WD suggest that the exposure of filler particles favored wear, and the 2BW promoted crack propagation in the subsurface of the material [12,31]. Although some authors suggested that the manufacturing method of composite resins could influence wear behavior [26], others investigated the wear behavior of polished 5Y-TZP opposing six brands of direct and indirect composite resin and found that the increase in polymerization degree for indirect composite resin did not improve the wear resistance of the composite resin opposing monolithic zirconia [31]. An additional concern for composite resin restorations is margin failure and gap propagation due to cyclic loading superimposed on the interfacial stresses caused by polymerization shrinkage of the resin during curing. The marginal gaps can enable secondary caries formation, leading to a need to composite resin restoration replacement [12].
The in vivo methods represent a more accurate progression of wear, but it was related to high cost, long time duration, and ethical issues. In addition, it is difficult to control and isolate the main factors that influence wear in vivo. In contrast, in vitro methods allow the control over exposure time, temperature, and other variables, has a high level of standardization, and the results indicate trends regarding the true extent of wear, which should not be extrapolated to the oral environment because it is not possible to reproduce all its particularities [45]. The results of in vitro studies are affected by the applied load, number of cycles, and experimental design, such as the two-body or three-body wear test [15,30,43,45]. This in vitro study evaluated the wear behavior of dental restorative materials using the two-body wear test with a clinically relevant load (20 N) [29,38,43,45], frequency close to human chewing function (2 Hz) [43,45], and a number of cycles equivalent to 18 months of clinical service [27,36,37,38].
The present study demonstrated that polishing is able to reduce the wear rates of dental restorative material used as the antagonist, especially to microhybrid composite resin. The glaze layer was lost after 2BW and led to the increase in wear rates to lithium disilicate used as the antagonist. The selection of polishing as a finishing procedure after staining is important to preserve staining. However, the limitations of this study included the use of non-anatomic specimens, the difficulty of reproducing the oral environment’s complexity, such as occlusal contacts, pH variations, and chewing pattern individual variations, which depend on multiple factors such as muscle tone and the presence of temporomandibular disorders (Tables S1 and S2).

5. Conclusions

Based on the findings of this in vitro study, the following conclusions were drawn:
  • Polishing is recommended to reduce the wear rates of microhybrid composite resin used as the antagonist and allow the dental clinician to finish the restoration chairside without the need for an expensive firing furnace or glazing cycles.
  • When staining is necessary to characterize restorations, polishing improved staining durability opposing microhybrid composite resin, leucite-reinforced ceramic, and lithium disilicate;
  • Glazing increased wear rates opposing lithium disilicate;
  • Among restorative materials used as antagonists, 5Y-TZP presented the highest wear resistance; leucite-reinforced ceramic and lithium disilicate presented similar wear behavior with intermediate wear rates, and microhybrid composite resin presented the lowest wear resistance.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/coatings13020466/s1. Table S1: Pairwise comparations to vertical height loss of hemispheres; Table S2: Pairwise comparations to wear depth of dental restorative materials.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, R.C.S.R.; Methodology, R.C.S.R.; Validation, L.F., A.O.d.S., A.C.L.F., R.F.R. and R.C.S.R.; Formal Analysis, A.C.L.F., A.P.M. and R.C.S.R.; Investigation, L.F., P.E.B.S.O. and A.O.d.S.; Resources, R.F.R. and R.C.S.R.; Data Curation, R.C.S.R.; Writing—Original Draft Preparation, L.F., P.E.B.S.O., A.O.d.S., A.C.L.F., A.P.M. and R.C.S.R.; Writing—Review & Editing, L.F., A.C.L.F., R.F.R. and R.C.S.R.; Visualization, L.F., P.E.B.S.O., A.O.d.S., A.C.L.F., A.P.M., R.F.R. and R.C.S.R.; Supervision, R.C.S.R.; Project Administration, R.C.S.R.; Funding Acquisition, R.C.S.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the São Paulo Research Foundation—FAPESP, grant number 2019/18367-4; L.F. received a PhD scholarship from the Agency for the High-Standard Promotion of Graduate Courses—CAPES, which also supports the Oral Rehabilitation Graduate Program—code 001; P.E.B.S.O. received a Scientific Initiation scholarship from the São Paulo Research Foundation—FAPESP, grant number 2020/05467-8.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data supporting the results of this study are available in the article and can be requested from the corresponding author.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge, the Digital Center CAD-CAM Lab, Regina Guenka Palma-Dibb for access to the confocal laser microscope, and Juliana Jendiroba Faraoni for technical support.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no financial or personal interest that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.

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Coatings 13 00466 g001 550
Figure 1. Dimensions of hemispheres.
Figure 1. Dimensions of hemispheres.
Coatings 13 00466 g001
Coatings 13 00466 g002 550
Figure 2. (A) Staining; (B) glazing.
Figure 2. (A) Staining; (B) glazing.
Coatings 13 00466 g002
Coatings 13 00466 g003 550
Figure 3. Polishing. (A) Medium diamond polisher with point shape; (B) fine diamond polisher with point shape; (C) medium diamond polisher with twist shape.
Figure 3. Polishing. (A) Medium diamond polisher with point shape; (B) fine diamond polisher with point shape; (C) medium diamond polisher with twist shape.
Coatings 13 00466 g003
Coatings 13 00466 g004 550
Figure 4. Laser confocal microscopy images showing the different surface morphology for all groups, including C (control), G (glazing), P (polishing), S (staining), SG (staining plus glazing), and SP (staining plus polishing).
Figure 4. Laser confocal microscopy images showing the different surface morphology for all groups, including C (control), G (glazing), P (polishing), S (staining), SG (staining plus glazing), and SP (staining plus polishing).
Coatings 13 00466 g004
Table
Table 1. Brand, composition, lot, and manufacturer of materials used in this in vitro study.
Table 1. Brand, composition, lot, and manufacturer of materials used in this in vitro study.
BrandCompositionLotManufacturer
Ceramill Zolid FX PreshadeZrO2 + HfO2 + Y2O3: ≥99.0, Y2O3: 8.5–9.5, HfO2: ≤5, Al2O3: ≤0.51707000Amann Girrbach, Koblach, Austria
IPS E.max CADSiO2: 57.0–80.0, Li2O: 11.0–19.0, P2O5: 0–11.0, K2O: 0–13.0, MgO: 0–5.0, Al2O3: 0–5.0Z00ZGPIvoclar Vivadent, Barueri, Brazil
IPS Inline POMSiO2: 50.0–65.0, Al2O3: 8–20.0, Na2O: 4.0–12.0, K2O: 7.0–13.0S15651Ivoclar Vivadent, Barueri, Brazil
Filtek Z250 XT Bis-GMA, UDMA, Bis-EMA, zirconia, silica21047003253M Espe, Sumare, Brazil
Table
Table 2. The vertical height loss (VHL) of hemispheres (μm) opposing stabilized zirconia with 5 mol% of yttrium oxide (5Y-TZP), lithium disilicate, leucite-reinforced ceramic, and microhybrid composite resin for all groups.
Table 2. The vertical height loss (VHL) of hemispheres (μm) opposing stabilized zirconia with 5 mol% of yttrium oxide (5Y-TZP), lithium disilicate, leucite-reinforced ceramic, and microhybrid composite resin for all groups.
GroupRestorative Materials
5Y-TZPLithium DisilicateLeucite-Reinforced CeramicMicrohybrid Composite Resin
C506.1 (139.0) A a α227.9 (48.2) A b α227.4 (48.9) A b α215.9 (24.8) A b α
G440.5 (60.5) A a α332.4 (118.4) B b α212.4 (38.1) A c α189.9 (59.0) A c α
P361.2 (67.5) B a α83.4 (59.8) C b α10.7 (33.8) B b α0.0 (-) B b α
S441.9 (85.0) A a α160.4 (28.4) A b α79.4 (55.6) A b β94.3 (24.4) A b β
SG394.6 (61.7) A a α194.1 (48.7) A b β0.0 (-) A c β60.8 (67.7) A c β
SP286.8 (64.8) B a α27.3 (58.3) B b α0.0 (-) A b α0.0 (-) A b α
A, B Different uppercase letters indicate statistical difference between subgroups in the column (p < 0.05), a, b, c different lowercase letters indicate statistical difference between subgroups in the line (p < 0.05), and α, β different greek letters indicate statistical difference between different subgroups with the same restorative material and finishing procedure, and presence or not of staining (p < 0.05).
Table
Table 3. The wear depth (WD) of dental restorative materials (μm), including stabilized zirconia with 5 mol% of yttrium oxide (5Y-TZP), lithium disilicate, leucite-reinforced ceramic, and microhybrid composite resin for all groups.
Table 3. The wear depth (WD) of dental restorative materials (μm), including stabilized zirconia with 5 mol% of yttrium oxide (5Y-TZP), lithium disilicate, leucite-reinforced ceramic, and microhybrid composite resin for all groups.
GroupRestorative Materials
5Y-TZPLithium DisilicateLeucite-Reinforced CeramicMicrohybrid Composite Resin
C127.5 (22.0) A a α467.9 (115.0) A b α655.6 (85.6) A b α1248.4 (169.0) A c α
G112.98 (28.5) A a α693.0 (153.6) B b α662.9 (128.7) A b α1085.3 (387.0) A c α
P97.5 (37.2) A a α498.1 (88.5) A b α541.0 (114.1) A b α709.1 (114.8) B b α
S143.6 (18.9) A a α526.9 (85.4) A b α562.0 (66.5) A b α932.2 (157.7) A c β
SG181.4 (75.7) A a α523.3 (117.8) A b α730.4 (140.2) A b α1514.6 (129.2) B c β
SP159.8 (39.2) A a α472.7 (93.7) A b α616.6 (137.9) A b α947.4 (110.4) A c β
A, B Different uppercase letters indicate statistical difference between subgroups in the column (p < 0.05), a, b, c different lowercase letters indicate statistical difference between subgroups in the line (p < 0.05), and α, β different greek letters indicate statistical difference between different subgroups with the same restorative material and finishing procedure, and presence or not of staining (p < 0.05).
Table
Table 4. Data of Wald test for vertical height loss (VHL) and wear depth (WD).
Table 4. Data of Wald test for vertical height loss (VHL) and wear depth (WD).
SourceVHLWD
Wald Chi-SquareDFPWald Chi-SquareDFP
(Intercept)2387.67410.0004920.89810.000
Restorative material1102.72830.0001555.07630.000
Finishing procedure292.33520.00078.64320.000
Staining131.75110.0004.13110.042
Restorative material X Finishing procedure34.05560.00071.69660.000
Restorative material X Staining8.28330.04112.04130.007
Finishing procedure X Staining26.66920.00024.49020.000
Restorative material X Finishing procedure X Staining23.37060.00176.82160.000
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MDPI and ACS Style

Fiorin, L.; Oliveira, P.E.B.S.; Silva, A.O.d.; Faria, A.C.L.; Macedo, A.P.; Ribeiro, R.F.; Rodrigues, R.C.S. Wear Behavior of Monolithic Zirconia after Staining, Glazing, and Polishing Opposing Dental Restorative Materials: An In Vitro Study. Coatings 2023, 13, 466. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020466

AMA Style

Fiorin L, Oliveira PEBS, Silva AOd, Faria ACL, Macedo AP, Ribeiro RF, Rodrigues RCS. Wear Behavior of Monolithic Zirconia after Staining, Glazing, and Polishing Opposing Dental Restorative Materials: An In Vitro Study. Coatings. 2023; 13(2):466. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020466

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fiorin, Lívia, Paulo Eduardo Barros Souza Oliveira, Allan Oliveira da Silva, Adriana Cláudia Lapria Faria, Ana Paula Macedo, Ricardo Faria Ribeiro, and Renata Cristina Silveira Rodrigues. 2023. "Wear Behavior of Monolithic Zirconia after Staining, Glazing, and Polishing Opposing Dental Restorative Materials: An In Vitro Study" Coatings 13, no. 2: 466. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020466

APA Style

Fiorin, L., Oliveira, P. E. B. S., Silva, A. O. d., Faria, A. C. L., Macedo, A. P., Ribeiro, R. F., & Rodrigues, R. C. S. (2023). Wear Behavior of Monolithic Zirconia after Staining, Glazing, and Polishing Opposing Dental Restorative Materials: An In Vitro Study. Coatings, 13(2), 466. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020466

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