The Effect of Silica Particle Size on the Mechanical Enhancement of Polymer Nanocomposites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Tensile Testing
2.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
2.4. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
3. Results
3.1. SEM Results
3.2. Tensile Results
3.3. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
3.4. Modeling of the Effective Modulus Tensor
3.4.1. Finite Element Analysis (FEA)
3.4.2. Analytical Model
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Specimen’s Designations | Matrix Type | SiO2Filler wt%/Vf | SiO2Filler Diameter∅ [nm] |
---|---|---|---|
PLA | poly-lactic acid (PLA) | 0/0 | - |
PLA/13-22 | -//- | 4/0.025 | 13–22 |
PLA/15-35 | -//- | -//- | 15–35 |
PLA/18-35 * | -//- | -//- | 18–35 |
PLA/55-75 | -//- | -//- | 55–75 |
PLA/0.5 | -//- | -//- | 500 |
PLA/1.0 | -//- | -//- | 1000 |
PLA/1.5 | -//- | -//- | 1500 |
Resin ES-35 | bisphenol A—Epoxy- DGEBA | 0/0 | - |
Res/13-22 | -//- | 4/0.025 | 13–22 |
Res/15-35 | -//- | -//- | 15–35 |
Res/18-35 * | -//- | -//- | 18–35 |
Res/55-75 | -//- | -//- | 55–75 |
Res/0.5 | -//- | -//- | 500 |
Res/1.0 | -//- | -//- | 1000 |
Res/1.5 | -//- | -//- | 1500 |
Material/ Specimens | Young’s Modulus (MPa) | Modulus Increment% | Yield Stress (MPa) | Yield Strain | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Failure Strain |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PLA | 3000 ± 120 | - | 48.6 ± 3.5 | 0.02 | 36.9 | 0.056 |
PLA/13-22 | 3200 ± 140 | 7 | 47.8 ± 3.1 | 0.019 | 43.3 | 0.02 |
PLA/15-35 | 3600 ± 144 | 20 | 48.9 ± 3.0 | 0.018 | 48.6 | 0.02 |
PLA/18-35 | 3800 ± 185 | 27 | 43.0 ± 2.8 | 0.016 | 43.0 | 0.016 |
PLA/55-75 | 3202 ± 135 | - | 37.8 ± 2.8 | 0.015 | 31.0 | 0.04 |
PLA/0.5 | 3455 ± 131 | 15 | 45.8 ± 2.8 | 0.017 | 41.3 | 0.047 |
PLA/1.0 | 3250 ± 130 | 8 | 39.2 ± 2.4 | 0.018 | 32.0 | 0.025 |
PLA/1.5 | 3120 ± 123 | 4 | 41.0 ± 2.3 | 0.019 | - | 0.018 |
Resin ES-35 | 2150 ± 107 | - | 38.5 ± 3.2 | 0.03 | 20.0 | 0.17 |
Res/13-22 | 2800 ± 133 | 30 | 40 ± 3.3 | 0.024 | 22.5 | 0.07 |
Res/15-35 | 2600 ± 117 | 21 | 43 ± 2.1 | 0.028 | 20.0 | 0.09 |
Res/18-35 | 2900 ± 122 | 34.8 | 43 ± 3.0 | 0.028 | 25.0 | 0.08 |
Res/55-75 | 3450 ± 149 | 60 | 40 ± 2.1 | 0.027 | 26.0 | 0.13 |
Res/0.5 | 2470 ± 104 | 15 | 42.2 ± 2.8 | 0.028 | 20.0 | 0.085 |
Res/1.0 | 2380 ± 100 | 11 | 38 ± 4.0 | 0.028 | 23.6 | 0.08 |
Res/1.5 | 2500 ± 108 | 16 | 41.5 ± 2.5 | 0.026 | 25.0 | 0.07 |
Material | Interaction Parameter |
---|---|
PLA | - |
PLA/13-22 | 2.77 |
PLA/15-35 | 3.68 |
PLA/18-35 | - |
PLA/55-75 | - |
PLA/0.5 | 1.06 |
PLA/1.0 | - |
PLA/1.5 | - |
Resin | - |
Res/13-22 | 4.96 |
Res/15-35 | 7.86 |
Res/18-35 | 7.86 |
Res/55-75 | 4.96 |
Res/0.5 | 7.10 |
Res/1.0 | 2.91 |
Res/1.5 | 6.44 |
Material | Average Particle Diameter | Young’s Modulus Experim. | Young’s Modulus FEA | FEA Results Deviation from Experim. | Young’s Modulus FEA/Interphase | FEA/Interphase Results Deviation from Experim. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(nm) | (MPa) | (MPa) | (%) | (MPa) | (%) | |
PLA | - | 3000 | - | - | - | - |
PLA/13-22 | 17.5 | 3200 | 3128 | 2.25 | 3284 | 2.62 |
PLA/15-35 | 25.0 | 3600 | 3131 | 13.0 | 3585 | 0.41 |
PLA/18-35 | 26.5 | 3800 | 3197 | 15.8 | 3840 | 1.0 |
PLA/55-75 | 65.0 | 3202 | 3162 | 1.25 | 3226 | 0.75 |
PLA/0.5 | 500 | 3455 | 3205 | 7.23 | 3425 | 0.10 |
PLA/1.0 | 1000 | 3250 | 3177 | 2.25 | 3219 | 0.95 |
PLA/1.5 | 1500 | 3120 | 3161 | 1.31 | 3180 | 1.90 |
Resin ES-35 | - | 2150 | - | - | - | - |
Res/13-22 | 17.5 | 2800 | 2321 | 17.1 | 2819 | 0.67 |
Res/15-35 | 25.0 | 2600 | 2300 | 11.5 | 2690 | 3.46 |
Res/18-35 | 26.5 | 2900 | 2297 | 20.8 | 2982 | 2.82 |
Res/55-75 | 65.0 | 3450 | 2278 | 33.9 | 3400 | 1.45 |
Res/0.5 | 500 | 2470 | 2273 | 7.97 | 2446 | 0.97 |
Res/1.0 | 1000 | 2380 | 2280 | 4.2 | 2388 | 0.33 |
Res/1.5 | 1500 | 2500 | 2275 | 9.0 | 2496 | 0.16 |
Material | Interphase Volume Fraction (FEA) | Interphase Volume Fraction (analytical Model) |
---|---|---|
Resin | - | - |
Res/13-22 | 0.10 | 0.74 |
Res/15-35 | 0.08 | 0.63 |
Res/18-35 | 0.14 | 0.81 |
Res/55-75 | 0.23 | 0.88 |
Res/0.5 | 0.03 | 0.018 |
Res/1.0 | 0.025 | 0.017 |
Res/1.5 | 0.05 | 0.01 |
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Kontou, E.; Christopoulos, A.; Koralli, P.; Mouzakis, D.E. The Effect of Silica Particle Size on the Mechanical Enhancement of Polymer Nanocomposites. Nanomaterials 2023, 13, 1095. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13061095
Kontou E, Christopoulos A, Koralli P, Mouzakis DE. The Effect of Silica Particle Size on the Mechanical Enhancement of Polymer Nanocomposites. Nanomaterials. 2023; 13(6):1095. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13061095
Chicago/Turabian StyleKontou, Evagelia, Angelos Christopoulos, Panagiota Koralli, and Dionysios E. Mouzakis. 2023. "The Effect of Silica Particle Size on the Mechanical Enhancement of Polymer Nanocomposites" Nanomaterials 13, no. 6: 1095. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13061095