High Rate of Antibody Response to Multiple Doses of the COVID-19 Vaccine in Liver Transplant Recipients: Analysis of Predictive Factors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. COVID-19 Vaccination
1.2. Immunization in Liver Transplant Recipients
1.3. Vaccination Hesitancy
1.4. Aims of the Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Determination of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies
2.2.1. Serological Assay
2.2.2. rRT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 RNA Assay and Antigenic Test
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Immunization
3.2. COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations of the Study
4.2. Vaccine Hesitancy
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Baseline Features | Patients = 162 |
---|---|
Males (n/%) | 113 (69.7%) |
Age at vaccination (median, IQ range) | 67 (59–71) |
Age at transplant (median, IQ range) | 57 (49–62) |
Fibroscan (median, IQ range) | 6 (4.5–7.8) |
Liver disease etiology (n, %) | |
Viral | 100 (61.7%) |
AIH-PSC-PBC | 21 (13.0%) |
MASLD | 32 (19.8%) |
Other | 9 (5.5%) |
Indications for transplantation (n, %) | |
Hepatocellular carcinoma | 80 (49.4%) |
Decompensated cirrhosis | 77 (47.5%) |
Fulminant hepatitis | 5 (3.1%) |
Comorbidities (n, %) | |
Arterial hypertension | 122 (75.3%) |
Diabetes | 55 (34.0%) |
Lung diseases | 38 (23.5%) |
Neoplasm | 37 (22.8%) |
Chronic kidney disease | 28 (17.3%) |
Obesity | 28 (17.3%) |
Cardiovascular diseases | 23 (14.2%) |
Immunosuppressive therapy (n, %) | |
Tacrolimus (Monotherapy) | 24 (14.8%) |
Double therapy | 127 (78.4%) |
Triple therapy | 11 (6.8%) |
Univariate Predictive Analysis | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline Characteristics | β Estimate | OR | 95% CI | OR | p-Value |
Males | 0.085 | 1.090 | 0.414 | 2.860 | 0.863 |
Age at vaccination | 0.015 | 1.020 | 0.972 | 1.060 | 0.501 |
Age at transplantation | −0.019 | 0.981 | 0.935 | 1.030 | 0.442 |
Liver stiffness (Fibroscan) | 0.107 | 1.11 | 0.945 | 1.310 | 0.199 |
Comorbidities | |||||
Cardiovascular disease | 0.568 | 1.760 | 0.384 | 8.110 | 0.466 |
Diabetes | −0.347 | 0.707 | 0.282 | 1.770 | 0.460 |
Hepatocellular carcinoma | −0.240 | 0.787 | 0.319 | 1.940 | 0.603 |
Arterial hypertension | −0.822 | 0.440 | 0.123 | 1.570 | 0.206 |
Chronic kidney disease | −1.731 | 0.177 | 0.0668 | 0.469 | <0.001 |
Neoplasm | −0.022 | 0.978 | 0.305 | 3.140 | 0.971 |
Obesity | −0.699 | 0.497 | 0.175 | 1.410 | 0.189 |
Lung disease | 0.048 | 1.050 | 0.359 | 3.060 | 0.931 |
Etiology | |||||
Viral | 0.770 | 2.160 | 0.872 | 5.350 | 0.096 |
MASLD | −1.016 | 0.362 | 0.137 | 0.958 | 0.004 |
AIH-PSC-PBC | −0.068 | 0.934 | 0.251 | 3.480 | 0.919 |
Other | 0.241 | 1.270 | 0.151 | 10.700 | 0.824 |
Transplant indications | |||||
Decompensated cirrhosis | 0.097 | 1.100 | 0.447 | 2.720 | 0.834 |
Hepatocellular carcinoma | −0.240 | 0.787 | 0.319 | 1.940 | 0.603 |
Fulminant hepatitis | |||||
Immunosuppressive therapy | |||||
Tacrolimus | 1.418 | 4.130 | 0.529 | 32.200 | 0.176 |
Double therapy | −0.247 | 0.781 | 0.246 | 2.480 | 0.675 |
Triple therapy | −0.958 | 0.384 | 0.094 | 1.570 | 0.184 |
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Share and Cite
Zignani, N.; Costantino, A.; Sagasta, M.; Dibenedetto, C.; Perbellini, R.; Uceda Renteria, S.; Lampertico, P.; Donato, M.F. High Rate of Antibody Response to Multiple Doses of the COVID-19 Vaccine in Liver Transplant Recipients: Analysis of Predictive Factors. Vaccines 2025, 13, 352. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13040352
Zignani N, Costantino A, Sagasta M, Dibenedetto C, Perbellini R, Uceda Renteria S, Lampertico P, Donato MF. High Rate of Antibody Response to Multiple Doses of the COVID-19 Vaccine in Liver Transplant Recipients: Analysis of Predictive Factors. Vaccines. 2025; 13(4):352. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13040352
Chicago/Turabian StyleZignani, Nunzio, Andrea Costantino, Michele Sagasta, Clara Dibenedetto, Riccardo Perbellini, Sara Uceda Renteria, Pietro Lampertico, and Maria Francesca Donato. 2025. "High Rate of Antibody Response to Multiple Doses of the COVID-19 Vaccine in Liver Transplant Recipients: Analysis of Predictive Factors" Vaccines 13, no. 4: 352. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13040352
APA StyleZignani, N., Costantino, A., Sagasta, M., Dibenedetto, C., Perbellini, R., Uceda Renteria, S., Lampertico, P., & Donato, M. F. (2025). High Rate of Antibody Response to Multiple Doses of the COVID-19 Vaccine in Liver Transplant Recipients: Analysis of Predictive Factors. Vaccines, 13(4), 352. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13040352