The Humoral Immune Response Against COVID-19 Through Vaccination in Hemodialysis Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Data Collection
2.2. Assessment of Humoral Immunities
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Antibody Levels at the Time of the First Blood Sample Collection
3.2. Antibody Levels at the Time of the Second Blood Sample Collection
3.3. Changes in Antibody Values over Time Intervals
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CKD | Chronic kidney diseases |
HD | Hemodialysis |
NAb | Neutralizing antibody |
sVNT | Surrogate virus neutralization test |
IgG | Spike-specific immunoglobulin G |
ELISA | Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
OD | Optical density |
PRNT | Plaque reduction neutralization test |
ARD | Autoimmune rheumatic diseases |
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1st Period (2022) | 2nd Period (2023) | |
---|---|---|
N (%) | ||
Sex | ||
Female | 14 (53.8) | |
Male | 12 (46.2) | |
Mean age (±SD 1, years) | 72.4 ± 10.8 | |
On immunosuppressive therapy | 3 (11.5) | |
Vaccination status | ||
Only primary series | 2 (7.7) | - |
Booster, once | 17 (65.4) | 13 (50.0) |
Booster, twice | 7 (26.9) | 7 (26.9) |
Booster, thrice | - | 2 (7.7) |
Booster, four times | - | 4 (15.4) |
Booster with Omicron variant | - | 7 (26.9) |
BNT162b2 | - | 6 (85.7) |
BA.1 | - | 1 |
BA.4/5 | - | 3 |
XBB.1.5 | - | 5 |
mRNA-1273 | - | 1 (14.3) |
BA.1 | - | 1 |
XBB.1.5 | - | 1 |
Confirmed COVID-19 history | ||
Yes | 8 (30.8) | 19 (73.1) |
None | 18 (69.2) | 7 (26.9) |
sVNT_1 | sVNT_2 | Omicron_1 | Omicron_2 | IgG_1 | IgG_2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | ||||||
Sex | ||||||
Female | 94.9 | 91.6 | 28.0 | 71.5 | 4.6 | 9.0 |
Male | 89.4 | 85.9 | 42.2 | 59.5 | 4.2 | 8.5 |
p-value | 0.423 | 0.587 | 0.231 | 0.681 | 0.877 | 0.625 |
On immunosuppressive therapy | ||||||
Yes | 77.5 | 64.2 | 33.8 | 28.9 | 3.4 | 6.0 |
None | 94.3 | 92.2 | 40.9 | 70.8 | 4.6 | 9.1 |
p-value | 0.572 | 0.024 | 0.705 | 0.045 | 0.602 | 0.054 |
Bivalent vaccination status | ||||||
Booster | - | 94.8 | - | 75.7 | - | 10.2 |
No booster | - | 86.8 | - | 62.4 | - | 8.3 |
p-value | - | 0.727 | - | 0.162 | - | 0.470 |
History of COVID-19 infection | ||||||
1st sampling period | ||||||
Yes | 91.6 | - | 34.2 | - | 4.6 | - |
None | 92.7 | - | 34.8 | - | 4.3 | - |
p-value | >0.999 | - | 0.892 | - | 0.637 | - |
2nd sampling period | ||||||
Yes | - | 88.6 | - | 70.9 | - | 9.2 |
None | - | 90.1 | - | 52.6 | - | 7.6 |
p-value | - | 0.793 | - | 0.340 | - | 0.214 |
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Park, J.Y.; Choi, S.-H.; Lim, Y.K.; Shin, J.; Kwon, S.; Kim, H.; Chung, J.-W. The Humoral Immune Response Against COVID-19 Through Vaccination in Hemodialysis Patients. Vaccines 2025, 13, 170. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13020170
Park JY, Choi S-H, Lim YK, Shin J, Kwon S, Kim H, Chung J-W. The Humoral Immune Response Against COVID-19 Through Vaccination in Hemodialysis Patients. Vaccines. 2025; 13(2):170. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13020170
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Ji Young, Seong-Ho Choi, Yong Kwan Lim, Jungho Shin, Soie Kwon, Haein Kim, and Jin-Won Chung. 2025. "The Humoral Immune Response Against COVID-19 Through Vaccination in Hemodialysis Patients" Vaccines 13, no. 2: 170. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13020170
APA StylePark, J. Y., Choi, S.-H., Lim, Y. K., Shin, J., Kwon, S., Kim, H., & Chung, J.-W. (2025). The Humoral Immune Response Against COVID-19 Through Vaccination in Hemodialysis Patients. Vaccines, 13(2), 170. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13020170