Lutein and Zeaxanthin Enhance, Whereas Oxidation, Fructosylation, and Low pH Damage High-Density Lipoprotein Biological Functionality
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection and HDL Isolation
2.2. HDL Treatments
2.3. Glycosylation Modification Efficacy Determinations
2.4. Lutein/Zeaxanthin Incorporation Confirmation
2.5. Negative-Stain Transmission Electron Microscopy and Image Analysis
2.6. CEC Assay
2.7. LCAT Activity Assay
2.8. PON1 Activity Assay
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. HDL Particle Size and Distribution
3.2. HDL CEC, LCAT Activity and PON1 Activity after Direct Treatments
3.3. HDL CEC, LCAT Activity, and PON1 Activity after Lutein/Zeaxanthin Pre-Incubation Followed by Oxidation Treatment
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment Name/Purpose | Treatment Reagent (Vendor) | Concentration | Treatment Time (h) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
CuSO4/oxidation | copper (II) sulfate (CuSO4) (Cat. #: C988L31, Neta Scientific, Marlton, NJ, USA) | 10 µM | 18 | [14] |
H2O2/oxidation | hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (Cat. #: H1065, Spectrum Chemical, Gardena, CA, USA) | 160 µM | 2 | [17] |
HOCl/oxidation | hypochlorous acid (HOCl) (Cat. #: S1316, Spectrum Chemical, Gardena, CA, USA) | 160 µM | 2 | [17] |
Acidic pH/acidification | ammonium acetate buffer, pH 5.5 (Cat. #: 40100184-1, Spectrum Chemical, Gardena, CA, USA) | 20 mM | 18 | [23] |
Glucose/glycation | Glucose (Cat. #: 40700008-1, Spectrum Chemical, Gardena, CA, USA) | 50 mM | 120 | [20] |
Fructose/fructosylation | Fructose (Cat. #: 40600008-1, Spectrum Chemical, Gardena, CA, USA) | 100 mM | 192 | [33] |
PNGase F/deglycosylation | PNGase F (Cat. #: P0705S, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA, USA) | 25,000 U/mL | 4 | [21] |
Sialidase/desialylation | α2-3, 6, 8, 9 neuraminidase A (Cat. #: P722S, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA, USA) | 2000 U/mL | 2 | [21] |
Lutein/antioxidation | Lutein (Cat. #: PHR1699, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA). | 1 mM | 18 | [24] |
Zeaxanthin/antioxidation | Zeaxanthin (Cat. #: 1733119, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) | 1 mM | 18 | [24] |
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Zheng, J.; Hong, B.V.; Agus, J.K.; Tang, X.; Klebaner, N.R.; Chen, S.; Guo, F.; Harvey, D.J.; Lebrilla, C.B.; Zivkovic, A.M. Lutein and Zeaxanthin Enhance, Whereas Oxidation, Fructosylation, and Low pH Damage High-Density Lipoprotein Biological Functionality. Antioxidants 2024, 13, 616. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13050616
Zheng J, Hong BV, Agus JK, Tang X, Klebaner NR, Chen S, Guo F, Harvey DJ, Lebrilla CB, Zivkovic AM. Lutein and Zeaxanthin Enhance, Whereas Oxidation, Fructosylation, and Low pH Damage High-Density Lipoprotein Biological Functionality. Antioxidants. 2024; 13(5):616. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13050616
Chicago/Turabian StyleZheng, Jingyuan, Brian V. Hong, Joanne K. Agus, Xinyu Tang, Nola R. Klebaner, Siyu Chen, Fei Guo, Danielle J. Harvey, Carlito B. Lebrilla, and Angela M. Zivkovic. 2024. "Lutein and Zeaxanthin Enhance, Whereas Oxidation, Fructosylation, and Low pH Damage High-Density Lipoprotein Biological Functionality" Antioxidants 13, no. 5: 616. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13050616