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Applied Sciences
Volume 15
Issue 13
10.3390/app15137271
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

A Coupled Coordination and Network-Based Framework for Optimizing Green Stormwater Infrastructure Deployment: A Case Study in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area

by
Jiayu Zhao
1,
Yichun Chen
1,
Rana Muhammad Adnan Lkram
2,
Haoyu Xu
1,
Soon Keat Tan
3 and
Mo Wang
1,*
1
College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
2
Water Science and Environmental Research Centre, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
3
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(13), 7271; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137271 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 13 May 2025 / Revised: 16 June 2025 / Accepted: 17 June 2025 / Published: 27 June 2025
Versions Notes

Abstract

Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI), as a nature-based solution, has gained widespread recognition for its role in mitigating urban flood risks and enhancing resilience. Equitable spatial distribution of GSI remains a pressing challenge, critical to harmonizing urban hydrological systems and maintaining ecological balance. However, the complexity of matching GSI supply with urban demand has limited comprehensive spatial assessments. This study introduces a quantitative framework to identify priority zones for GSI deployment and to evaluate supply–demand dynamics in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) using a coupled coordination simulation model. Clustering and proximity matrix analysis were applied to map spatial relationships across districts and to reveal underlying mismatches. Findings demonstrate significant spatial heterogeneity: over 90% of districts show imbalanced supply–demand coupling. Four spatial clusters were identified based on levels of GSI disparity. Economically advanced urban areas such as Guangzhou and Shenzhen showed high demand, while peripheral regions like Zhaoqing and Huizhou were characterized by oversupply and misaligned allocation. These results provide a systematic understanding of GSI distribution patterns, highlight priority intervention areas, and offer practical guidance for large-scale, equitable GSI planning.
Keywords: green stormwater infrastructure; supply–demand; coupled coordination model; proximity matrix analysis green stormwater infrastructure; supply–demand; coupled coordination model; proximity matrix analysis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Zhao, J.; Chen, Y.; Lkram, R.M.A.; Xu, H.; Tan, S.K.; Wang, M. A Coupled Coordination and Network-Based Framework for Optimizing Green Stormwater Infrastructure Deployment: A Case Study in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 7271. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137271

AMA Style

Zhao J, Chen Y, Lkram RMA, Xu H, Tan SK, Wang M. A Coupled Coordination and Network-Based Framework for Optimizing Green Stormwater Infrastructure Deployment: A Case Study in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(13):7271. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137271

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhao, Jiayu, Yichun Chen, Rana Muhammad Adnan Lkram, Haoyu Xu, Soon Keat Tan, and Mo Wang. 2025. "A Coupled Coordination and Network-Based Framework for Optimizing Green Stormwater Infrastructure Deployment: A Case Study in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area" Applied Sciences 15, no. 13: 7271. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137271

APA Style

Zhao, J., Chen, Y., Lkram, R. M. A., Xu, H., Tan, S. K., & Wang, M. (2025). A Coupled Coordination and Network-Based Framework for Optimizing Green Stormwater Infrastructure Deployment: A Case Study in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area. Applied Sciences, 15(13), 7271. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137271

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