Clayey Soil Improvement with Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Waste
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
4.1. Direct Shearing Tests
4.2. Oedometric Compression Tests
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Properties | Parameter | Value |
---|---|---|
Physical properties | Specific weight γs (kN/m3) | 26.70 |
Dry unit weight γd (kN/m3) | 14.54 | |
Natural unit weight γ (kN/m3) | 18.11 | |
Natural water content w (%) | 21.05 | |
Plastic limit, wP (%) | 15.95 | |
Liquid limit, wL (%) | 47.65 | |
Plasticity index, IP (%) | 31.70 | |
Consistency index IC [-] | 0.83 |
Soil Type | Grain Size d (mm) | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Clay | d < 0.002 | 47.61 |
Silt | 0.002 < d < 0.063 | 40.20 |
Sand | 0.063 < d < 0.2 | 11.26 |
Gravel | 0.2 < d < 6.3 | 0.93 |
Samples Code | Composition | Nr. of Square Samples | Nr. of Round Samples |
---|---|---|---|
Cl | Clay + OWC | 3 | 3 |
Cl2PET | Clay + OWC + 2% PET | 3 | 3 |
Cl4PET | Clay + OWC + 4% PET | 3 | 3 |
Cl6PET | Clay + OWC + 6% PET | 3 | 3 |
τf (kPa) for Peak Shearing Parameters | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cl | Cl2PET | Cl4PET | Cl6PET | ||
σ (kPa) | 100 | 44.47 | 58.03 | 66.76 | 63.89 |
200 | 78.57 | 96.28 | 103.56 | 109.25 | |
300 | 112.67 | 134.52 | 140.36 | 154.61 | |
τf (kPa) for Residual Shearing Parameters | |||||
100 | 22.43 | 31.34 | 35.54 | 34.26 | |
200 | 44.36 | 52.99 | 55.58 | 55.36 | |
300 | 66.29 | 74.63 | 75.63 | 76.47 |
Shearing Strength Parameters for | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cl | Cl2PET | Cl4PET | Cl6PET | ||
Peak Parameters | |||||
Φ′ | (°) | 18.83 | 20.93 | 20.20 | 24.40 |
c′ | (kPa) | 10.37 | 19.79 | 29.96 | 18.53 |
Residual Parameters | |||||
Φres | (°) | 12.37 | 12.21 | 11.33 | 11.92 |
cres | (kPa) | 0.50 | 9.70 | 15.49 | 13.15 |
Shearing Strength Parameters for | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cl 17 | Cl 23 | Cl2PET 17 | Cl2PET 23 | Cl2CEM 17 | Cl4PET 17 | Cl4PET 23 | Cl4CEM 17 | Cl6PET 17 | Cl6PET 23 | Cl6CEM 17 | ||
Peak Parameters | ||||||||||||
Φ′ | (°) | 21.49 | 18.83 | 24.47 | 20.93 | 22.29 | 21.53 | 20.20 | 35.01 | 27.79 | 24.40 | 30.66 |
c′ | (kPa) | 30.96 | 10.37 | 19.60 | 19.79 | 66.44 | 31.41 | 29.96 | 47.77 | 5.97 | 18.53 | 80.62 |
Residual Parameters | ||||||||||||
Φres | (°) | 10.61 | 12.37 | 14.19 | 12.21 | 11.83 | 9.62 | 11.33 | 34.14 | 19.94 | 11.92 | 20.48 |
cres | (kPa) | 20.17 | 0.50 | 1.12 | 9.70 | 24.97 | 18.13 | 15.49 | 12.63 | 0.00 | 13.15 | 12.57 |
ε (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cl | Cl2PET | Cl4PET | Cl6PET | ||
σ′ (kPa) | 0 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
20 | 1.055 | 1.040 | 0.795 | 1.050 | |
50 | 1.805 | 1.795 | 2.140 | 2.940 | |
100 | 2.935 | 2.710 | 4.005 | 5.380 | |
200 | 5.475 | 5.165 | 6.710 | 8.480 | |
300 | 7.555 | 7.145 | 8.875 | 10.485 | |
500 | 9.760 | 9.265 | 11.650 | 13.275 | |
1000 | 14.435 | 13.580 | 15.425 | 17.455 |
e (-) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cl | Cl2PET | Cl4PET | Cl6PET | ||
ln(σ′) | 0.00 | 0.599 | 0.539 | 0.550 | 0.625 |
3.00 | 0.582 | 0.523 | 0.538 | 0.607 | |
3.91 | 0.570 | 0.512 | 0.517 | 0.577 | |
4.61 | 0.552 | 0.497 | 0.488 | 0.537 | |
5.30 | 0.512 | 0.460 | 0.446 | 0.487 | |
5.70 | 0.478 | 0.429 | 0.413 | 0.454 | |
6.21 | 0.443 | 0.397 | 0.370 | 0.409 | |
6.91 | 0.368 | 0.330 | 0.311 | 0.341 |
Eoed (kPa) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cl | Cl2PET | Cl4PET | Cl6PET | ||
σ′ (kPa) | 20 | 4000 | 3974 | 2230 | 1587 |
50 | |||||
50 | 4425 | 5464 | 2681 | 2049 | |
100 | |||||
100 | 3937 | 4073 | 3697 | 3226 | |
200 | |||||
200 | 4808 | 5051 | 4619 | 4988 | |
300 | |||||
300 | 9070 | 9434 | 7207 | 7168 | |
500 | |||||
500 | 10,695 | 11,587 | 13,245 | 11,962 | |
1000 |
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Urian, A.-M.; Ilies, N.-M.; Nemes, O.; Nagy, A.-C. Clayey Soil Improvement with Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Waste. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 12081. https://doi.org/10.3390/app132112081
Urian A-M, Ilies N-M, Nemes O, Nagy A-C. Clayey Soil Improvement with Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Waste. Applied Sciences. 2023; 13(21):12081. https://doi.org/10.3390/app132112081
Chicago/Turabian StyleUrian, Ana-Maria, Nicoleta-Maria Ilies, Ovidiu Nemes, and Andor-Csongor Nagy. 2023. "Clayey Soil Improvement with Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Waste" Applied Sciences 13, no. 21: 12081. https://doi.org/10.3390/app132112081