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17 August 2023

Theoretical Investigation of the Influence of Different Heavy Metal Oxides Modifiers on ZnO-Bi2O3-B2O3-SiO2’s Photon- and Neutron-Shielding Capabilities Using the Monte Carlo Method

Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
Appl. Sci.2023, 13(16), 9332;https://doi.org/10.3390/app13169332
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Abstract

Radiation has become an essential part in medicine and researchers are constituently investigating radiation shielding materials that are suitable for different medical applications. Glass, due to its properties, has been considered an excellent radiation shield for such applications. One of the most common glasses used as a radiation shield is the ZnO-Bi2O3-B2O3-SiO2 anti-radiation glass. Heavy metal oxides have many desirable properties such as high density, transparency to visible light, stability in air and water, high interaction cross section, high infrared transparency, and good absorption of radiation, which make them desirable to be used as modifiers with anti-radiation glass. Research has been focusing on environmentally friendly shielding material which leads to non-lead modifiers such as Na2O, Al2O3, MgO, TiO2, SrO, Sb2O3, and BaO, which have become more desired than PbO. So far, ZnO-Bi2O3-B2O3-SiO2’s photon shielding properties have been studied experimentally with the addition of BaO at certain energies only. In this work, different heavy metal oxides are added as modifiers to ZnO-Bi2O3-B2O3-SiO2 glass in order to investigate theoretically their effects on the shielding properties of the glass at a wide range of photon and neutron energies. Simulation is cost- and time-effective when it comes to investigating different compositions of glass and different modifiers with different weight percentages at any energy range for any type of radiation. Simulation could be considered the first step in order to identify the best mixture with the best weight fractions prior to any experimental investigations of other desired properties based on the needed application. In this work, the photon- and neutron-shielding capabilities of the ZnO-Bi2O3-B2O3-SiO2 anti-radiation glass is investigated with different weight fractions of heavy metal oxides at wide photon and neutron energy ranges. Geant4, which is a Monte Carlo-based powerful toolkit, is used to find the mass attenuation coefficients (µm) of photons, as well as the effective removal cross sections (ΣR) of neutrons, of all the investigated samples in the studied energy range.

1. Introduction

Radiation is an essential part of life and despite all its benefits; it can cause damage to humans either directly or indirectly through deformation and inheritance to future generations because of its ability to penetrate human bodies [,,,]. This is the reason why researchers are focusing on finding suitable materials that have the ability to shield radiation in order to reduce its damage on humans. Radiation materials used in medical applications should be environmentally friendly, transparent, durable, and easy to shape and construct [,,,,,].
Researchers have been focusing on studies related to radiation shielding material, as radiation plays an essential part in medicine, for the sake of finding the most suitable materials for different applications. Glass has been considered an excellent radiation shield due to its properties [,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,]. Many studies focused on investigating the capabilities of glass to shield against different radiation for many industrial and medical applications [,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,]. Glass offers excellent shielding properties as well as good transparency to visible light which is important in many medical-related applications [,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,].
The ZnO-Bi2O3-B2O3-SiO2 anti-radiation glass is one of the most commonly used lead-free glasses in radiation protection []. Heavy metal oxide modifiers such as PbO enhance the shielding properties of glass when added at certain percentages [,,,,,,,]. However, research interest has shifted towards environmentally friendly materials such as Na2O, Al2O3, MgO, TiO2, SrO, Sb2O3, and BaO instead of PbO. Those modifiers influence many desirable properties such as high density, transparency to visible light, stability in air, and water, high interaction cross section, high infrared transparency, and good absorption of radiation [,,]. Glasses with heavy metal oxide modifiers can shield against both photons and neutrons since they are of high content of both heavy and light elements []. However, the neutron-induced damage to these heavy metal oxide modifiers due to the transfer of incident neutrons energy via elastic collision with the primary knock-on atoms, should be considered [,,,,,,,].
In this work, the photon- and neutron-shielding capabilities of the ZnO-Bi2O3-B2O3-SiO2 anti-radiation glass are investigated with different weight fractions of heavy metal oxides at wide photon and neutron energy ranges. Geant4, which is a Monte Carlo-based powerful toolkit, is used to find the mass attenuation coefficients (µm) of photons, as well as the effective removal cross sections (ΣR) of neutrons, of all the investigated samples in the studied energy range.

2. Materials

The samples investigated in this work are composed of (wt%) HMO (100—wt%) [0.3 ZnO 0.2 Bi2O3 0.2 B2O3 0.3 SiO2] (where wt% is 0%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) and the used heavy metal oxides are Na2O, Al2O3, MgO, TiO2, SrO, Sb2O3, and BaO.

3. Theory

3.1. Photon Attenuation

When photons enter a material with a certain intensity (I0), it attenuates and its intensity after passing through a mass per unit area (x) layer of material is reduced to (I). The photon mass attenuation coefficient (μm) depends on the material and can be calculated using Equation (1) []:
I = I 0 e − μ m x
The influence of different modifiers on the mass attenuation coefficients of the investigated glass is evaluated in this work.

3.2. Neutron Attenuation

The probability of neutron reactions with any material is expressed by the neutron removing cross section (ΣR), and is given by Equation (2) []:
Σ R = ∑ i ρ i Σ R / ρ i
where (ρR) is the partial density, and (ΣR/ρ) is the mass removal cross section, which can be calculated using Equation (3) for any compound []:
Σ R ρ = 0.206 A − 1 3 Z − 0.294
where (A) is the atomic weight, and (Z) is the atomic number.
The influence of different modifiers on the effective removal cross sections of the investigated glass is evaluated in this work.

4. Methods

In this work, the powerful Monte Carlo-based toolkit, Geant4.11.02, which is utilized in nuclear physics, nuclear engineering, and medical physics, was used to evaluate the photon- and neutron-shielding properties of the investigated samples []. Geant4 is very reliable and has been used in many shielding assessment studies, has been compared to experimental results and other software, and has shown excellent agreement. Root (6.10/04) software was used to plot figures presented in this work [].

5. Effect of Na2O Modifier

Na2O is one of the most commonly used materials in medical applications, when added to glass it decreases the crystallization rates, lowers the melting temperatures, and enhances the performance in the glass-forming zone []. Table 1 summarizes the mass attenuation coefficients of the studied glass with different fractions of Na2O at a wide photon energy range from 10 keV to 20 MeV. On the other hand, Table 2 summarizes the neutron effective removal cross sections of the studied glass with different fractions of Na2O. It can be seen that the photon-shielding capabilities of glass have decreased with the addition of the Na2O modifier while the neutron-shielding capabilities are enhanced.
Table 1. The photon mass attenuation coefficients of the studied glass with Na2O modifier.
Table 2. The neutron effective removal cross sections of the studied glass with Na2O modifier.

6. Effect of Al2O3 Modifier

Al2O3 enhances the long-time stability, chemical durability, melting properties, and opacity of glass and yet it is of low cost []. Table 3 summarizes the mass attenuation coefficients of the studied glass with different fractions of Al2O3 at a wide photon energy range from 10 keV to 20 MeV. On the other hand, Table 4 summarizes the neutron effective removal cross sections of the studied glass with different fractions of Al2O3. The photon-shielding capabilities of glass have decreased with the addition of the Al2O3 modifier while the neutron-shielding capabilities are enhanced.
Table 3. The photon mass attenuation coefficients of the studied glass with Al2O3 modifier.
Table 4. The neutron effective removal cross sections of the studied glass with Al2O3 modifier.

7. Effect of MgO Modifier

MgO is one of the most commonly used materials in medical applications, when added to glass it decreases the crystallization rates, lowers the melting temperatures, and enhances the performance in the glass-forming zone []. Table 5 summarizes the mass attenuation coefficients of the studied glass with different fractions of MgO at a wide photon energy range from 10 keV to 20 MeV. On the other hand, Table 6 summarizes the neutron effective removal cross sections of the studied glass with different fractions of MgO. MgO decreased the photon-shielding capabilities of glass while it enhanced the neutron-shielding capabilities.
Table 5. The photon mass attenuation coefficients of the studied glass with MgO modifier.
Table 6. The neutron effective removal cross sections of the studied glass with MgO modifier.

8. Effect of TiO2 Modifier

TiO2 when added to glass protects its optical efficiency []. Table 7 summarizes the mass attenuation coefficients of the studied glass with different fractions of TiO2 at a wide photon energy range from 10 keV to 20 MeV. On the other hand, Table 8 summarizes the neutron effective removal cross sections of the studied glass with different fractions of TiO2. It can be seen that the photon-shielding capabilities of glass have decreased with the addition of the TiO2 modifier while the neutron-shielding capabilities are enhanced.
Table 7. The photon mass attenuation coefficients of the studied glass with TiO2 modifier.
Table 8. The neutron effective removal cross sections of the studied glass with TiO2 modifier.

9. Effect of SrO Modifier

SrO raises the characteristic temperature of glasses and resistance to crystallization []. Table 9 summarizes the mass attenuation coefficients of the studied glass with different fractions of SrO at a wide photon energy range from 10 keV to 20 MeV. On the other hand, Table 10 summarizes the neutron effective removal cross sections of the studied glass with different fractions of SrO. The photon-shielding capabilities of glass have been enhanced with the addition of the SrO modifier while the neutron-shielding capabilities are decreased.
Table 9. The photon mass attenuation coefficients of the studied glass with SrO modifier.
Table 10. The neutron effective removal cross sections of the studied glass with SrO modifier.

10. Effect of Sb2O3 Modifier

Sb2O3 when added to glass enhances its structural, thermal, and optical properties []. Table 11 summarizes the mass attenuation coefficients of the studied glass with different fractions of Sb2O3 at a wide photon energy range from 10 keV to 20 MeV. On the other hand, Table 12 summarizes the neutron effective removal cross sections of the studied glass with different fractions of Sb2O3. The photon-shielding capabilities of glass have been enhanced with the addition of the Sb2O3 modifier while the neutron-shielding capabilities are decreased.
Table 11. The photon mass attenuation coefficients of the studied glass with Sb2O3 modifier.
Table 12. The neutron effective removal cross sections of the studied glass with Sb2O3 modifier.

11. Effect of BaO Modifier

BaO when added to glass improves its density and stability []. Table 13 summarizes the mass attenuation coefficients of the studied glass with different fractions of BaO at a wide photon energy range from 10 keV to 20 MeV. On the other hand, Table 14 summarizes the neutron effective removal cross sections of the studied glass with different fractions of BaO. The photon-shielding capabilities of glass have been enhanced with the addition of the Sb2O3 modifier while the neutron-shielding capabilities are decreased.
Table 13. The photon mass attenuation coefficients of the studied glass with BaO modifier.
Table 14. The neutron effective removal cross sections of the studied glass with BaO modifier.

12. Comparison between the Influence of All Investigated Modifiers on the Shielding Properties of the Studied Glass

In order to clearly compare the influence of the investigated modifiers on the performance of the studied glass as a radiation shield, the photon attenuation coefficients and the neutron removal cross sections were plotted for the pure glass against the glass with 1% fraction of the different modifiers studied in this work as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. The glasses with 20% fraction of modifiers were compared and plotted as well in Figure 3 and Figure 4. The average percentage differences between the coefficients and cross sections in the case of glass with modifiers are tabulated in Table 15 for easier comparison among the effects of the different modifiers.
Figure 1. The effect of 1% of different modifiers on the photon mass attenuation coefficients of the studied glass.
Figure 2. The effect of 20% of different modifiers on the photon mass attenuation coefficients of the studied glass.
Figure 3. The effect of 1% of different modifiers on the neutron removal cross sections of the studied glass.
Figure 4. The effect of 20% of different modifiers on the neutron removal cross sections of the studied glass.
Table 15. Average percentage difference between the shielding abilities of the studies glass with different modifiers.
As can be seen from Figure 5 and Figure 6, the results show that BaO enhances the photon-shielding properties of ZnO-Bi2O3-B2O3-SiO2 the most among all compared metal oxides with an average between 0.95% and 18.94%, but on the other hand it decreases the neutron-shielding by an average ranging from −0.49% to −10.71%. The Sb2O3 performed nearly the same with average percentage differences between 0.61% and 12.16% for photon-shielding abilities and between −0.61% and −8.74% for neutron-shielding abilities. The SrO also increased the ability of glass to shield against photons and reduced its ability against neutrons. The MgO modifier, on the one hand, enhanced the neuron-shielding capabilities of the studied glass the most with average percentage differences ranging from 0.56% to 10.43%, while it decreased the photon-shielding properties by, on average, between −0.39% to −7.89%. The Na2O, Al2O3, and TiO2 increased the ability of the studied glass to shield against neutrons as well and reduced the ability to shield against photons. In general, the effects of modifiers on photon shielding-properties are higher than on neutron-shielding properties. From a practical point of view, the neutron activation of elements and the formation of point defects must be considered when choosing the best modifier and this can be evaluated experimentally, as some studies have reported [,,].
Figure 5. Comparison between the effects of all investigated modifiers on the photon-shielding abilities of the studied glass.
Figure 6. Comparison between the effects of all investigated modifiers on the neutron-shielding abilities of the studied glass.
It is essential to choose the right modifiers to be added to anti-radiation glasses based on the required applications while taking into account the effects on the physical and chemical properties.

13. Conclusions

The performance of ZnO-Bi2O3-B2O3-SiO2 anti-radiation glass as a photon and neutron shield was investigated at a wide energy range and the effect of some selected heavy metal oxides modifiers on the shielding properties were studied at chosen fractions. The results indicate that some modifiers enhance the photon-shielding ability of the studied glass but at the same time reduces its ability to shield against neutrons and vice versa. Choosing the preferable modifier should be influenced by the desired application and by the effects on the other chemical and physical properties of glass.
Future studies should focus on choosing the right modifier with the right percentage in order to fit a certain application and maybe even mixing different modifiers to get the right combination of features. Simulation is the most effective way to evaluate different mixtures without wasting time, money, and effort. However, future experimental detailed studies of the defect formation mechanism and the radiation-induced variation of optical and structural properties of the chosen glasses are important along with investigation of any defects, crystallization, or bubble formation which must be completed before using the best configuration for any desired application []. This is especially the case when considering the long-term use of such shields; lattice oxygen vacancy defects created by radiation and their effects on transparency and shielding effectiveness should be evaluated [,].

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

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