Total Local Dose in Hypothetical 5G Mobile Networks for Varied Topologies and User Scenarios
1
IT’IS Foundation, Zeughausstrasse 43, 8004 Zurich, Switzerland
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8004 Zurich, Switzerland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(17), 5971; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10175971
Received: 16 July 2020
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Revised: 8 August 2020
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Accepted: 22 August 2020
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Published: 28 August 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Exposure in 5G and 6G Scenarios)
In this study, the total electromagnetic dose, i.e., the combined dose from fixed antennas and mobile devices, was estimated for a number of hypothetical network topologies for implementation in Switzerland to support the deployment of fifth generation (5G) mobile communication systems while maintaining exposure guidelines for public safety. In this study, we consider frequency range 1 (FR1) and various user scenarios. The estimated dose in hypothetical 5G networks was extrapolated from measurements in one of the Swiss 4G networks and by means of Monte Carlo analysis. The results show that the peak dose is always dominated by an individual’s mobile phone and, in the case of non-users, by the bystanders’ mobile phones. The reduction in cell size and the separation of indoor and outdoor coverage can substantially reduce the total dose by >10 dB. The introduction of higher frequencies in 5G mobile networks, e.g., 3.6 GHz, reduces the specific absorption rate (SAR) in the entire brain by an average of −8 dB, while the SAR in the superficial tissues of the brain remains locally constant, i.e., within ±3 dB. Data from real networks with multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) were not available; the effect of adaptive beam-forming antennas on the dose will need to be quantitatively revisited when 5G networks are fully established.
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Keywords:
dosimetry; radio-frequency; exposure assessment; 5G; base station; mobile networks
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MDPI and ACS Style
Kuehn, S.; Pfeifer, S.; Kuster, N. Total Local Dose in Hypothetical 5G Mobile Networks for Varied Topologies and User Scenarios. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 5971. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10175971
AMA Style
Kuehn S, Pfeifer S, Kuster N. Total Local Dose in Hypothetical 5G Mobile Networks for Varied Topologies and User Scenarios. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(17):5971. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10175971
Chicago/Turabian StyleKuehn, Sven, Serge Pfeifer, and Niels Kuster. 2020. "Total Local Dose in Hypothetical 5G Mobile Networks for Varied Topologies and User Scenarios" Applied Sciences 10, no. 17: 5971. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10175971
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