Ambient Air Quality and Hospital Admissions in Gjakova: A Time Series Analysis
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Admissions Data
2.2. Environmental Data
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Impact of Air Pollution
3.1.1. General Additive Model (GAM)
3.1.2. Quasi-Poisson Model
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
WHO | World Health Organization |
PM | Particulate matter |
PM2.5 | Particulate matter smaller than 2.5 µm in diameter |
PM10 | Particulate matter smaller than 10 µm in diameter |
NO2 | Nitrogen dioxide |
SO2 | Sulphur dioxide |
O3 | Ozone |
CO | Carbon oxide |
ICD-10 | International Classification of Diseases, version 10 |
KHMI | Kosovo Hydro-Meteorological Institute |
EEA | European Environment Agency |
GAM | General Additive Model |
Appendix A
Pollutant | Pearson’s R | p-Value |
---|---|---|
PM10 | 0.8535 | <0.001 |
PM2.5 | 0.8650 | <0.001 |
NO2 | 0.7514 | <0.001 |
O3 | 0.7347 | <0.001 |
CO | 0.6927 | <0.001 |
SO2 | 0.3875 | <0.001 |
Pollutant | PM2.5 | NO2 | O3 | CO | SO2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PM10 | 0.9780, <0.001 | 0.7835, <0.001 | −0.4997, <0.001 | 0.7524, <0.001 | 0.1215, <0.001 |
PM2.5 | 0.7982, <0.001 | −0.5720, <0.001 | 0.8011, <0.001 | 0.0666, 0.0126 | |
NO2 | −0.6792, <0.001 | 0.7086, <0.001 | 0.1756, <0.001 | ||
O3 | −0.6189, <0.001 | 0.0418, 0.1193 | |||
CO | −0.0639, 0.0169 |
Lag | PM10 | PM2.5 | O3 | CO | SO2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lag 0 | 0.000 (0.974) | 0.005 (0.699) | 0.001 (0.957) | 0.0235 (0.506) | 0.037 (0.419) |
Lag 1 | 0.005 (0.656) | 0.010 (0.435) | −0.016 (0.241) | −0.0088 (0.814) | 0.063 (0.173) |
Lag 2 | 0.009 (0.392) | 0.016 (0.197) | −0.018 (0.150) | 0.0290 (0.419) | 0.019 (0.681) |
Lag 3 | −0.003 (0.731) | −0.004 (0.718) | −0.009 (0.433) | −0.0224 (0.524) | 0.101 (0.027) |
Lag 4 | −0.003 (0.7899) | −0.003 (0.816) | 0.003 (0.809) | −0.0088 (0.803) | −0.021 (0.647) |
Lag 5 | 0.014 (0.140) | 0.016 (0.164) | −0.002 (0.867) | 0.0397 (0.246) | 0.040 (0.373) |
Lag 6 | 0.018 (0.060) | 0.020 (0.087) | 0.005 (0.688) | 0.0634 (0.057) | −0.017 (0.703) |
Lag 7 | 0.012 (0.241) | 0.011 (0.370) | 0.017 (0.137) | 0.0449 (0.195) | 0.000 (0.994) |
Knots | Coefficient | Lower | Upper |
---|---|---|---|
per 10 µg/m3 | 95% confidence interval | ||
10 | 0.114 | 0.070 | 0.159 |
15 | 0.108 | 0.062 | 0.154 |
20 | 0.115 | 0.068 | 0.161 |
25 | 0.091 | 0.043 | 0.138 |
30 | 0.062 | 0.015 | 0.110 |
35 | 0.066 | 0.017 | 0.115 |
40 | 0.065 | 0.016 | 0.114 |
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Variable | Observation (Days) | Mean | Minimum | Maximum |
---|---|---|---|---|
PM10 (µg/m3) | 1437 | 22.5 | 2.6 | 156.9 |
PM2.5 (µg/m3) | 1437 | 16.4 | 1.5 | 130.0 |
NO2 (µg/m3) | 1437 | 17.6 | 2.5 | 66.7 |
O3 (µg/m3) | 1430 | 57.9 | 6.3 | 121.1 |
SO2 (µg/m3) | 1437 | 7.4 | 0 | 30.2 |
CO (mg/m3) | 1437 | 0.6 | 0 | 6.6 |
Temperature (°C) | 1461 | 12.6 | −7 | 30.6 |
Humidity (%) | 1461 | 71.3 | 24 | 100 |
Pediatric cases | 1461 | 1.29 | 0 | 10 |
Adult cases | 1461 | 1.54 | 0 | 15 |
All cases | 1461 | 2.82 | 0 | 18 |
Variable | Total Number | Mean Age | Minimum | Maximum |
Pediatric cases | 1881 | 3.2 | 0 | 21 |
Pediatric male | 1120 | 3.1 | 0 | 19 |
Pediatric female | 761 | 3.2 | 0 | 21 |
Adult cases | 2246 | 63.4 | 0 | 94 |
Adult male | 1196 | 62.7 | 16 | 94 |
Adult female | 1050 | 64.2 | 0 | 92 |
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Ukëhaxhaj, A.; Xhiha, R.; Hoxha, F.T.; Terziqi, H.; Moshammer, H. Ambient Air Quality and Hospital Admissions in Gjakova: A Time Series Analysis. Environments 2025, 12, 162. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050162
Ukëhaxhaj A, Xhiha R, Hoxha FT, Terziqi H, Moshammer H. Ambient Air Quality and Hospital Admissions in Gjakova: A Time Series Analysis. Environments. 2025; 12(5):162. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050162
Chicago/Turabian StyleUkëhaxhaj, Antigona, Rita Xhiha, Faton T. Hoxha, Hasime Terziqi, and Hanns Moshammer. 2025. "Ambient Air Quality and Hospital Admissions in Gjakova: A Time Series Analysis" Environments 12, no. 5: 162. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050162
APA StyleUkëhaxhaj, A., Xhiha, R., Hoxha, F. T., Terziqi, H., & Moshammer, H. (2025). Ambient Air Quality and Hospital Admissions in Gjakova: A Time Series Analysis. Environments, 12(5), 162. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050162