Animals Fed Insect-Based Diets: State-of-the-Art on Digestibility, Performance and Product Quality
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Digestibility of Insect-Derived Products in Diets
2.1. Fish and Shellfish
2.2. Poultry
2.3. Other Animal Species
2.3.1. Pigs
2.3.2. Rabbits
3. Performance
3.1. Fish and Shellfish
3.2. Poultry
3.3. Other Animal Species
3.3.1. Pigs
3.3.2. Rabbits
4. Product Quality
4.1. Fish and Shellfish
4.2. Poultry
4.3. Other Animal Species
4.3.1. Pigs
4.3.2. Rabbits
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Aquatic Species | Insect Species | Insect Form | % Insect Inclusion | Days of Feeding | Impact on Nutrient Digestibility | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atlantic salmon | Partially defatted HI | Larva meal | 4.91%, 9.84% and 14.75% | 114 | No effect on the ADC of the CP, CL, AA and FA. | [15] |
Partially defatted HI | Larva meal | 60% | 56 | The ADC of the CP, CL and all AA significantly reduced. | [14] | |
European seabass | Defatted HI | Pre-pupa meal | 6.5%, 13% and 19.5% | 25 | The ADC of the DM and OM, CP, EE and energy were unaffected by the diet composition. No differences were observed for the ADC of the AAs. | [17] |
Full-fat TM | Larva meal | 25% | 21 | The CP ADC was significantly higher than the control diet. The supplementation of exogenous digestive enzymes did not improve the protein and ADF digestibility. | [9] | |
Gilthead seabream | Full-fat TM | Larva meal | 25% and 50% | 21 | The estimated ADCs of the CP and EE of the diets were lower in the group fed the 50% of TM inclusion. | [8] |
Pacific white shrimp | Full-fat TM | Larva meal | 15% | NS | The ADC of the DM and energy showed low values. The essential AAs ADC values ranged from 72.86% to 86.41%. Methionine was the first limiting amino acid in TM. | [11] |
Rainbow trout | Partially defatted HI | Larva meal | 25% and 50% | 21 | No differences for the ADC of the EE and GE, while ADC of DM and CP were higher in the 25% compared to the 50% HI group. | [18] |
Partially defatted HI | Larva meal | 20% | NS | No differences were observed for the ADC of the most nutrients except for the CL, hydroxyproline and tryptophan. The ADC of these AAs increased in trout fed HI meal, while CL decreased. | [16] | |
Full-fat TM | Larva meal | 25% and 50% | 21 | The ADC of the CP was significantly lower in the TM50 group than the other groups, while the ADC of the DM, OM and EE wasunaffected by treatment. | [10] |
Avian Specie | Insect Species | Insect Form | % Insect Inclusion | Days of Feeding | Impact on Nutrient Digestibility | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Broiler chickens | Full-fat TM and HI | Larva meal | 25% | 9 | No influence on the CTTAD of the nutrients, except for the CTTAD of the EE: HI more digestible than TM. Higher AIDC in the TM group than in the HI. | [19] |
| Pre-pupa meal | 50% 50% 40% | 7 | Higher CTTAD values for the nutrients in the defatted HI pre-pupae meal dried at 65 °C diet than the control and the diets with HI pre-pupae meals dried at 65 °C. | [22] | |
| Larva meal | 25% | 9 | Influence on the CTTAD of the EE and GE, which were more digestible in the HI partially defatted group than the HI totally defatted. No effect on the AA digestibility except for the glutamic acid, proline and serine that were more digestible in the HI highly defatted. | [21] | |
| Larva meal | 50% | 5 | Higher CTTAD of the CP, EE, ash and CF in the dry-rendered larvae diet than the other groups. | [23] | |
Full fat TM | 29.65% | 32 | Decrease in the ADC of the DM, CP and OM. | [26] | ||
TM | Oil | 5% | 28 | Increase in the CTTAD of the EE. | [31] | |
MD | Larva meal | 30% | 7 | Increase in the ADC of the CP and AA. | [29] | |
Broiler quails | Defatted HI | Larva meal | 10% and 15% | 11 | Higher CTTAD of EE in the 10% group than the other groups. No significant effect on the CTTAD of the DM, OM and CP. | [24] |
HI1 (reared on layer mash) HI2 (reared on 50:50 layer mash and fish offal) | Larva meal | 10% | 15 | Higher AME for the HI-fed quails than the control diet. HI2: higher CTTAD for the DM and OM than the HI1. | [25] | |
Broiler ducks | Defatted HI | Larva meal | 3%, 6% and 9% | 47 | Lower CTTAD of the CP during the starter period with the inclusion of 9% HI than the other diets. Higher CTTAD of the EE during the grower and finisher periods than the control diet. | [30] |
Laying hens | Partiallydefatted HI | Larva meal | 7.3% and 14.6% | 140 | Decrease in the AIDC of the DM, OM and CP. | [27] |
Highly defatted HI | Larva meal | 17% | 147 | Decrease in the AIDC of the DM, OM and CP. | [28] |
Animal Species | Insect Species | % Substitution (Ingredient) | % Insect Inclusion | Days of Feeding | Impact on Nutrient Digestibility | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barrow pigs | Dried HI larva meal | 100% (SBM) | 33% | 10 | Lower DM and higher EE digestibility than the control diet. | [36] |
Early weaned piglets | Dried MD larva meal in association with rumen content (mixture) | 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% (wheat offal) | 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% | 119 | No effects. | [37] |
Weaning pigs | Dried full-fat TM larva meal | 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% (SBM) | 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5% and 6.0% | 35 | Linear improvement in the DM and CP digestibility for increasing levels of dried mealworm in the diets. | [34] |
Full-fat and defatted pre-pupa meals | 50% and 100% (full-fat HI pre-pupa meal replacing toasted soybeans); 70% (defatted HI prepupa meal replacing toasted soybeans) | 4-8% (full-fat HI prepupa meal); 5.4% (defatted HI prepupa meal) | 15 | No effects on the nutrient digestibility. | [32] | |
Growing pigs | Dried full-fat TM larva meal | No ingredients were substituted (comparison with fishmeal-, meat meal- and poultry meal-based diets) | 9.95% | 8 (5 of adaptation) | Higher AIDC of the lysine, histidine, arginine and cysteine than the other protein sources. Higher SID of the GE and cysteine than the other protein sources. | [35] |
Weaned piglets | Partially defatted HI larva meal | 30% and 60% (soybean meal) | 5% and 10% | 61 | No effects on the nutrient digestibility. | [33] |
Weaned rabbits | HI larva fat | No ingredients were substituted (comparison with extruded linseed-based diets) | 30% and 60% | 70 | No effects on the nutrient digestibility. | [39] |
Weaned rabbits | HI and TM larva fat | 50% and 100% (soybean oil) | 0.75% and 1.5% | 41 | No effects on the nutrient digestibility. | [38] |
Species | Insect Species | Insect Form | % Substitution (Ingredient) | % Insect Inclusion | Days of Feeding | Impact on Growth Performance | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atlantic salmon | Defatted HI | Larva meal | 33%, 66% and 100%(FM) | 4.91%, 9.84% and 14.75% | 114 | The FI and daily growth increased, and FCR were unaffected by the inclusion of the HI meal in the diets. | [15] |
85% (CP) | 60% | 56 | Small differences in the growth performance, and no effects on the FI or FCR. | [14] | |||
Carp var Jian | Defatted HI | Larva meal | 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% (FM) | 3.5%,7%, 10.5% and14% | 56 | No differences for the growth performance. | [45] |
Clownfish | Defatted HI | Larva meal | 25%, 50% and 75% (FM) | 20%,40% and 60% | 106 | No differences for the survival and growth performance. | [46] |
European seabass | Defatted HI | Pre-pupa meal | 15%,30% and 45% (FM) | 6.5%, 13% and19.5% | 62 | No differences among the groups for the growth performance and feed utilization. | [17] |
Full-fat TM | Larva meal | 25% and 50% (FM) | 25% and 50% | 70 | The TM50% inclusion level showed the lowest FW, WG, SGR, and feeding rate. | [9] | |
Gilthead seabream | Full-fat TM | Larva meal | 33.4% and 74% (FM) | 25% and 50% | 163 | The TM25% had higher FW, SGR, WG%, PER, and lower FCR than the other diets. | [8] |
Mandarin fish | Full-fat TM | Larva meal | 10.76%, 21.5% and 32% (FM) | 10%, 20% and 30% | 56 | The growth rates and efficiency of nutrient utilization increased up to 20% for TM levels and declined as dietary TM level increased from 20 to 30%. | [40] |
Pacific white shrimp | Full-fat TM | Larva meal | 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% (FM) | 7.6%, 15.3%, 22.9% and 30.5% | 42 | The WG, SGR, FI, feed conversion, and survival were not affected. | [11] |
Partially defatted HI | Larva meal | 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% (FM) | 7.1%, 14.1%, 21.2%, 28.3% and 36.3% | 63 | The FW, WG, SGR, and FCR were not modified up to a 25% FM dietary replacement. | [47] | |
Pearl Gentian grouper | Defatted TM | Larva meal | 6.25%, 12.5%, 18.75%, 25% and 31.25% (FM) | 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% and 12.5% | 50 | Lower FW and WG rate in 6.25 TM% diet than the other diets. The FCR of fish fed on 12.5 and 18.75 TM% showed no significant differences when compared to the control diet. | [42] |
Rainbow trout | Partially defatted HI | Larva meal | 25%, 50% and 100% (FM) | 6.6%, 13.2% and 26.4% | 84 | The growth performance and feed utilization were positive and acceptable at all inclusion levels. | [16] |
25% and 50% (FM) | 20% and 40% | 78 | The survival, growth performance and FCR were not affected | [18] | |||
Fish offal-enriched HI | Pre-pupa meal | 25% and 50% (FM) | 16.4% and 32.8% (N); 18.12% and 36.24% (E) | 56 | No significant differences for the growth performance. | [44] | |
Partially defatted HI | Larva meal | 46% (FM) | 28.1% | 49 | No significant differences for the growth performance. | [43] | |
Rockfish | Full-fat TM | Larva meal | 9.6, 19.9, 28.6, 38.1% (FM) | 8%,16%,24% and 32% | 56 | The WG and SGR increased with increasing dietary inclusion of TM from 0 to 16% and then tended to decrease with further increase in dietary TM levels to 32%. | [41] |
Avian Species | Insect Species | Insect Form | % Substitution (Ingredient) | % Insect Inclusion | Days of Feeding | Impact on Growth Performance | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Broiler chickens | HI | Larva meal | No specific ingredients were substituted (comparison with corn and SBM-based diets) | 5%, 10% and 15% | 35 | No influence on the growth performance. | [22] |
Larva meal | No specific ingredients were substituted (comparison with maize grain, wheat pollard, fish meal and SBM- based diets) | 5%, 10% and 15% | 49 | No influence on the growth performance. | [50] | ||
Defatted HI | Larva meal | No specific ingredients were substituted (comparison with corn, gluten and SBM- based diets) | 5%, 10% and 15% | 35 | Improved final LW and FI during the starter period up to 10% of inclusion. | [51] | |
TM | Larva meal | No specific ingredients were substituted (comparison with sorghum- SBM- based diets) | 5% and10% | 15 | No influence on the growth performance. | [59] | |
Larva meal | No specific ingredients were substituted (comparison with corn meal, gluten and SBM - based diets) | 5%, 10% and 15% | 40 | Improved LW and FI with increasing levels of TM meal inclusion, but the feed efficiency resulted partially impaired. | [61,62] | ||
Larva meal | 100% (SBM) | 29.65% | 32 | Improved FCR. | [26,63] | ||
Not specified | 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 10% of basal diet | NS | 35 | Improved final LW, FI and FCR at inclusion level of 1 % TM. | [65] | ||
BM MD TM | Larva meal | 100% (SBM) | 7.8% (BM) 8.0% (MD) 8.1% (TM) | 35 | Reduced feed consumption and FCR. Increase in the BWG. | [64] | |
MD | Maggot meal | 20%, 50%,75% and 100% (groundnut cake) | 5.5%, 11%, 16.5% and 22% | 42 | No influence on the growth performance. | [66] | |
Maggot meal | 50% and 100% | 2.25%, 4.50% and 6.75% | Increase in the LW without influence on the FCR. | [67] | |||
Maggot meal | No specific ingredients were substituted (comparison with corn meal, gluten meal and SBM-based diets) | 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% | 35 | Increase in the BWG in the 10% and 15% groups. | [29] | ||
Maggot meal | 20%,, 30%, 40% and 50% (FM) | 0.80%, 1.20%, 1.60% and 2% | 35 | Increase in the FCR. | [68] | ||
HI | at | 50% and 100% | 3.43% and 6.87% | 36 | No influence on the growth performance. | [71] | |
TM | Oil | 5% of the basal diet | - | 28 | Decrease in the FI and FCR, but no effect on the BWG. | [31] | |
Free-range chickens | TM | Larva meal | 100% (corn gluten meal) | 7.5% | 54 | No influence on the growth performance. | [60] |
Slow-growing organic broiler | HI | Larva meal | 50% (SBM) | 7.8% | 75 | No influence on the growth performance. | [49] |
Quails | HI | Larva meal | No specific ingredients were substituted (comparison with SBM and whole wheat-based diets) | 10% and 15% | 28 | No influence on the growth performance. | [24] |
Quails female Japanese | HI | Larva meal | No specific ingredients were substituted (comparison with corn meal, SBM, rice bran meal and FM-based diets) | 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% | 140 | Affected FI, FCR and egg weight, but not affected egg production. | [58] |
Barbary partridges | HI | Larva meal | 10% and 19% | 25, 50% | 64 | Increase in the LW with better FCR than the control diet. | [52] |
Broiler ducks | Defatted HI | Larva meal | 33.6%, 66.6% and 100% (gluten meal) | 3%, 6% and 9% | 47 | No influence on the FI and FCR. | [30] |
Laying hens | HI | Larva meal | No specific ingredients were substituted (comparison with soybean cake, corn, wheat) | 50% and 100% | 21 | No influence on the growth performance. | [53] |
Larva meal | - | 0.5% and 1% | - | No influence on the growth performance. | [54] | ||
Larva meal | 100% (SBM) | 72.34% | 147 | More favorable FCR, but lower lay percentage, FI, average egg, laying hens weight and egg mass, than the control diet. | [55] | ||
Larva meal | No specific ingredients were substituted (comparison with SBM and maize grain-based diets) | 25% and 50% | 140 | No influence on the growth performance. | [27] | ||
Larva meal | 39% | 3.5%, 5% and 6.5% | 112 | Affected egg mass and lay percentage. Increase in the egg production and weight. | [57] | ||
Larva meal | 7.5% | 56 | Increase in the FI and FCR. | [56] | |||
MD | Maggot meal | No specific ingredients were substituted (comparison with cassavaroot meal and FM-based diets) | 6.25%, 12.5%, 18.7% and 25% | 56 | No influence on the growth performance. | [69] | |
Live larvae | 3% and 5% | 420 | No influence on the FI. Improvement of the clutch size, egg weight, number of eggs hatched and chick weight. | [70] |
Animal Species | Insect Species | % Substitution (Ingredient) | % Insect Inclusion | Days of Feeding | Impact on Growth Performance | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sows and off springs | MD larva meal | NS | NS | NS | No effects on the growth performance. | [75] |
Weaning pigs | MD larva meal | NS | NS | NS | Improvement of the WG. | [78] |
Weaning pigs | MD larva meal | NS | 10% | NS | No effects on the growth performance. | [76] |
Weaner pigs | MD larva meal | 100% (FM) | 10.8% | 10 weeks | No effects on the growth performance. | [79] |
Weaning pigs | BM larva meal | NS | NS | NS | Improvement of the WG. | [79] |
Early weaned piglets | Dried MD larva meal in association with rumen content (mixture) | 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% (wheat offal) | 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% | 17 weeks | Lower FI than the control diet and other MD-based diets at 20% level of MD larva meal inclusion. | [37] |
Weaning pigs | TM protein concentrate | NS | Up to 6% | NS | Linear improvement of the body weight and body weight gain with increasing levels of dietary TM inclusion. | [74] |
Weaning pigs | Full-fat HI larva meal | 65% (full-fat SBM) | 3.5% | 27 | No effects on the growth performance. | [72] |
Weaning pigs | Dried full-fat TM larva meal | 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% (SBM) | 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5% and 6.0% | 35 | Linear increase of the BW, ADG and ADFI with increasing levels of dietary TM inclusion (phase I). | [34] |
Weaned piglets | Partially defatted HI larva meal | 75% (SBM) | 21% | 21 | No effects on the growth performance. | [73] |
Weaned piglets | Full-fat and defatted pre-pupa meals | 50% and 100% (full-fat HI prepupa meal replacing toasted soybeans); 70% (defatted HI prepupa meal replacing toasted soybeans) | 4% and8% (full-fat HI prepupa meal); 5.4% (defatted HI prepupa meal) | 15 | No effects on the growth performance. | [32] |
Weaned piglets | Partially defatted HI larva meal | 30% and 60% (SBM) | 5% and10% | 61 | No effects on the growth performance. | [33] |
Growing rabbits | BM larva meal | NS | NS | NS | No effects on the growth performance. | [80] |
Weaned rabbits | HI larva fat | No ingredients were substituted | 30% and 60% | 10 weeks | No effects on the growth performance. | [39] |
Weaned rabbits | HI and TM larva fat | 50% and 100% (soybean oil) | 0.75% and 1.5% | 41 | No effects on the growth performance. | [38] |
Aquatic Species | Insect Species | Insect Form | % FM Substitution | % Insect Inclusion | Days of Feeding | Impact on Flesh Quality (Raw/Cooked Fillets/Frozen) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atlantic salmon | HI | Partially defatted larva meal | 25% and 100% | 5% and 25% | 105 | No differences for odour, flavour/taste or texture among the groups (cooked). | [84] |
Carp var. Jian | HI | Partially defatted | 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% | 3.5%, 7%, 10.5% and 14% | 56 | No differences in the proximate composition, while the HI inclusion decreased the PUFA n3 content. | [45] |
Partially defatted larva meal | 25% and 50% | 20% and 40% | 78 | Significant changes in the perceived intensity of aroma, flavor and texture. Dominance of a metallic flavor characterized the fillets of fish fed HI diets (cooked). | [89] | ||
Rainbow trout | HI | Partially defatted larva meal | 25% and 50% | 20% and 40% | 78 | 50% inclusion: increased the EEcontent and induced a decrease of the valuable PUFA, with a worsening of the lipid health indexes (raw). | [18] |
Partially defatted larva meal | 25% and 50% | 20% and 40% | 78 | 50% HI inclusion: decreased the fillet yellowness. Increase in the SFA (C12:0) and MUFA contents. Decrease in the PUFA content t(raw). | [86] | ||
Partially defatted larva meal | 25% and 50% | 20% and 40% | 78 | Differences in quality after 30 days of storage (frozen). No HIeffect on the pH, shear stress, color and water holding capacity of the fillets (frozen/cooked). HI50: increased the SFA and decreased the MUFA and the PUFA contents (frozen/cooked). | [88] | ||
Partially defatted larva meal | 46% | 28.1% | 49 | No differences in the chemical composition. Decrease in the PUFA (EPA and DHA) content. Increase in the SFA (C12:0) content. Slightly darker coloration of fish fed HI vs control. No organoleptic differences (cooked). | [43] | ||
Full-fat pre-pupa normal (N) or enriched (E) | 25% and 50% | 16.4% and 32.8% (N); 18.12% and 36.24% (E) | 56 | Sensory analysis: no significant difference for both the N and the E HI. Improvement of the EDA and DHA contents in the enriched HI fish (raw). | [44] | ||
Rainbow trout | TM | Full-fat larva meal | 25% and 50% | 25% and 50% | 90 | Increase in the CP content and decrease in the EPA and the DHA contents (raw). | [10] |
Full-fat larva meal | 25% and 50% | 25% and 50% | 90 | No influence on the pH, water holding capacity, cooking loss, shear force and color (raw &cooked). No differences in the proximate composition. Decrease in the PUFA content (EPA and DHA). | [82] | ||
Gilthead seabream | TM | Full-fat larva meal | 33.4% and 74% | 25% and 50% | 163 | No negative effect on the marketable indexes with a 25% of TM inclusion level. At 50% of TM inclusion level, dressed yield was penalized (raw). | [8] |
Blackspot seabream | TM | Full-fat larva meal | 26% and 51% | 21% and 40% | 131 | TM50 vs FM fish fillets (fresh): higher yellowness and chroma, but lower hue. No effect on the proximate composition. Decrease in the PUFA content (EPA and DHA) and worsening in the lipid health indexes. | [81] |
Pacific white shrimp | TM | Full-fat TM larva meal | 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% | 7.63%, 15.25%, 22.88% and 30.5% | 42 | Increase in the CL content. Decrease in the EPA and DHA contents. No differences in the proximate composition, color and firmness. | [85] |
HI | Partially defatted larva meal | 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% | 7.1%, 14.1%, 21.2%, 28.3% and 36.3% | 63 | Maximum whole-body CP and CL content achieved at 29% and 15% of HI inclusion, respectively. | [47] |
Avian Species | Insect Species | Insect Form | % of Substitution (Ingredient) | % Insect Inclusion | Days of Feeding | Impact on Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Broiler chickens | HI | Larva meal | 100% (SBM) | 29.65% | 32 | No influence on the carcass characteristics and broiler meat color. | [26] |
Larva meal | 50% (SBM) | 7.8% | 75 | No influence on the carcass characteristics. Cooking loss increased with the HI plus pea protein diet compared with the control. | [49] | ||
Larva meal | No specific ingredientswere substituted (comparison with maize grain, wheat pollard, FM and SBM- based diets) | 5%, 10% and 15% | 49 | No influence on the carcass characteristics and sensory properties (taste and aroma) of the cooked breast meat. | [50] | ||
Larva meal | 50% (SBM) | 11.9% and 14.5% | 34 | HI meal results in a product that does not differ from the standard fed control group, with the exception that the breast filet has a more intense flavor that decreases over storage time. | [93] | ||
Pre-pupa meal | NS | 5%, 10% and 15% | 32 | No influence on the carcass characteristics. No significant differences for the pH, color, thaw loss and cooking loss as well on the sensory characteristics (aroma, flavor, juiciness, and tenderness) of the breast muscle of the broilers fed HI meal. | [90] | ||
Larva meal | No specific ingredientswere substituted (comparison with corn, gluten and SBM- based diets) | 5%, 10 % and 15% | 35 | Higher live and carcass weight up to 10% than the other groups. Lower yellowness values in HI groups than the control diet. Higher CP and lower moisture contents than the other diets. Higher percentages of C12:0, C14:0 and C16:0 but lower PUFA rates than the control diet. | [91] | ||
TM | Larva meal | No specific ingredientswere substituted (comparison with corn meal, gluten and SBM- based diets) | 5%,10% and 15% | 40 | Increase in the carcass weight, abdominal fat weight and percentages. | [61] | |
Larva meal | No specific ingredientswere substituted (comparison with corn meal, gluten and SBM- based diets) | 5%,10% and 15% | 40 | No influence on the carcass characteristics. | [62] | ||
Larva meal | 100% (SBM) | NS | 32 | Higher percentages of C12:0 and C14:0 in the intramuscular fat of broilers fed the TM larva meal diet than the control diet. | [96] | ||
Not specified | 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 10% | NS | 35 | Improvement inthe slaughter yield, dressed carcass and eviscerated weights in birds fed TM diets at 2% inclusion level. High TM levels affect the CL content. | [65] | ||
MD | Larva meal | 100% (Fish meal) | 10% | 32 | Higher live and carcass weights, and breast and thigh yield than the control diet. Meat quality parameters were not affected except for the redness and drip loss that were the lowest in the HI meal-treated group. Higher metallic aroma and aftertaste, and sustained juiciness values were found in the MD larva-fed chickens than the control group. | [92] | |
Maggot meal | 50%, 75 % and 100% | 2.25%, 4.50% and 6.75% | 49 | No significant difference on the hot carcass yield or proportion of different parts of the carcass, but higher proportion of the liver and gizzard than the control group. | [67] | ||
BM MD TM | Larva meal | 100% (SBM) | 7.8% (BM) 8.0% (MD) 8.1% (TM) | 35 | Tenderness and juiciness of meat were higher in the TM group compared to the control and other treatments. | [64] | |
HI | Fat | 50% and 100% | 3.45% and 6.9% | 35 | No influence on the carcass characteristics and chemical and physical meat quality parameters. Increase in the SFA content to the detriment of the PUFA fraction in the breast meat of the HI fat groups. | [99] | |
TM | Oil | 5% of the basal diet | NS | 28 | Positive effect on the SFA, MUFA and PUFA contents, but negative effect on the AI and TI values. | [31] | |
Barbary partridges | HI TM | Larva meal | 10% and 19% | 25% and 50% | 64 | No effect on the raw meat color, but increase in the yellowness index of the cooked meat was observed. No differences in the chemical composition of the raw and cooked meat. Higher SFA and MUFA rates and lower PUFA rates than the control diet. | [94] |
HI TM | Larva meal | 10% and 19% | 25% and 50% | 55 | The carcass weights of all the insect groups were higher than the SBM group. | [52] | |
Quail | HI | Larva meal | 24.8% (SBM) | 10% and 15% | 28 | Breast meat weight and yield did not differ, while the inclusion of HI meal affected the meat pH and redness value. Meat proximate composition, cholesterol content and oxidative status remained unaffected by HI supplementation, as well as its sensory characteristics and off-flavors perception. Increase in the SFA content and decrease in the PUFA rates in the breast meat of the HI-fed quails. | [24,95] |
Laying hens | HI | Larva meal | NS | 0.5% and 1% | NS | A significant improvement of the appearance, texture and the taste and odor of eggs. | [54] |
Larva meal | 100% (SBM) | 17% | 147 | Hens fed the insect-based diet (HI) produced eggs with a higher proportion of yolk than the group fed the SBM group. HIM was associated with redder yolks, richer in γ-tocopherol, lutein, β-carotene and total carotenoids than SBM yolks. | [97] | ||
Larva meal | 41% (SBM) | 5% and 7.5% | 182 | Hens fed the HI-based diet linearly increased the yolk color, egg shell-breaking strength and egg thickness. | [56] | ||
Free range laying hens | HI | Live larvae | 42 | Decrease in the egg weight, shell weight and thickness, and yolk color. | [98] |
Animal Species | Insect Species Tested | % Substitution (Ingredient) | % IM Inclusion | Days of Feeding | Impact on Meat Quality | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sows and off springs | MD larva meal | NS | NS | NS | More carcass meat with better organoleptic properties than the control diet. | [75] |
Weaner pigs | MD larva meal | 100% (FM) | 10.8% | 70 | Higher slaughter weight and fat measurements than the control diet. | [77] |
Weaned rabbits | Grasshopper meal | 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% (FM) | 1.25%, 2.50%, 3.75% and 5% | 63 | Higher slaughter and carcass weights than the control diet and the other grasshopper meal-based diets at 2.50% level of grasshopper meal inclusion. Higher dressing percentage than the control diet and the other grasshopper meal-based diets at 1.25% level of grasshopper meal inclusion. Higher abdominal fat percentage than the control and 5% grasshopper meal-based diets at 1.25, 2.50 and 3.75% level of grasshopper meal inclusion. | [101] |
Weaned rabbits | HI larva fat | No ingredients were substituted | 30-60% | 70 | Lower FA content, higher 12:0 and 14:0 contents, and worst atherogenic index, thrombogenic index and n-3/n-6 ratio than the extruded linseed-based diets. | [100] |
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Gasco, L.; Biasato, I.; Dabbou, S.; Schiavone, A.; Gai, F. Animals Fed Insect-Based Diets: State-of-the-Art on Digestibility, Performance and Product Quality. Animals 2019, 9, 170. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9040170
Gasco L, Biasato I, Dabbou S, Schiavone A, Gai F. Animals Fed Insect-Based Diets: State-of-the-Art on Digestibility, Performance and Product Quality. Animals. 2019; 9(4):170. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9040170
Chicago/Turabian StyleGasco, Laura, Ilaria Biasato, Sihem Dabbou, Achille Schiavone, and Francesco Gai. 2019. "Animals Fed Insect-Based Diets: State-of-the-Art on Digestibility, Performance and Product Quality" Animals 9, no. 4: 170. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9040170