Pilot Study of Attitudes of Taiwanese Veterinarians and Undergraduate Veterinary Students toward Animal Abuse and Interpersonal Violence
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Questionnaire and Data Collection
2.2. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Section 1: Demographics
3.2. Section 2: Attitudes
3.2.1. Comparison among Items
3.2.2. Differences among Demographic Categories
3.3. Section 3: Managing Abuse
3.3.1. Willingness to Report Abuse Cases
3.3.2. Concerns and Obligations Associated with Reporting Abuse Cases
3.3.3. Willingness and Obligation Associated with Reporting Abuse Cases
3.3.4. Demographic Characteristics and Respondents’ Management of Abuse Cases
3.4. Sections 4 and 5: Physical and Mental Animal Abuse
4. Discussion
4.1. Animal Abuse Cases Encountered by Veterinarians
4.2. Attitudes toward Animal and Interpersonal Abuse
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Questionnaire
- Gender
- Male
- Female
- Age (years)
- 18–29
- 30–39
- 40–49
- 50–64
- ≥65
- Year of graduation
- After 2021
- 2016–2020
- 2011–2015
- 2001–2010
- 1991–2000
- 1981–1990
- 1971–1980
- Before 1970
- Type of clinical practice (Multiple choices were allowed.)
- Dogs and cats
- Small animals (except dogs and cats)
- Economic animals
- Exotic animals
- Researchers
- Government veterinarians
- Others
- Average number of visiting cases per month
- 0
- 1–30
- 31–60
- 61–100
- 100–200
- >200
- Item 1.
- When animal abuse is suspected, the veterinarian has a moral or legal responsibility to intervene.
- Item 2.
- In practice, when presented with a suspected animal abuse case, I know my legal rights and responsibilities.
- Item 3.
- In practice, when presented with an animal abuse case, I would assist in preventing it from happening again.
- Item 4.
- People who abuse animals are more likely to abuse their children.
- Item 5.
- People who abuse animals are more likely to abuse their spouse.
- Item 6.
- People who abuse animals are more likely to commit other types of crime.
- Item 7.
- People who train animals using punitive methods (physical correction, choker leash, electric collar, etc.) are more likely to abuse animals.
- Item 8.
- During veterinary training, I was provided with adequate information and training to identify and prevent animal abuse.
- Item 9.
- In practice, when domestic violence is suspected, the veterinarian has a moral responsibility to intervene.
- Item 10.
- In practice, when presented with child or spousal abuse, I feel I should provide assistance to the client.
- Q1.
- Indicate your willingness to report suspected animal and human abuse.
- Target of abuse: Animal
- 🙢
- Not report at all
- 🙢
- Report severe cases
- 🙢
- Report all cases
- Target of abuse: Human
- 🙢
- Not report at all
- 🙢
- Report severe cases
- 🙢
- Report all cases
- Q2.
- It is my civic responsibility to report abuse cases.
- Target of abuse: Animal
- 🙢
- Yes
- 🙢
- No
- Target of abuse: Human
- 🙢
- Yes
- 🙢
- No
- Q3.
- I can distinguish abuse features.
- Target of abuse: Animal
- 🙢
- Yes
- 🙢
- No
- Target of abuse: Human
- 🙢
- Yes
- 🙢
- No
- Q4.
- Dealing with abuse cases is beyond my profession or competence.
- Target of abuse: Animal
- 🙢
- Yes
- 🙢
- No
- Target of abuse: Human
- 🙢
- Yes
- 🙢
- No
- Q5.
- I am worried that dealing with abuse cases will irritate clients (i.e., the owner).
- Target of abuse: Animal
- 🙢
- Yes
- 🙢
- No
- Target of abuse: Human
- 🙢
- Yes
- 🙢
- No
- Q6.
- It should be mandatory to report abuse cases when veterinarians encounter deliberate abuse.
- Target of abuse: Animal
- 🙢
- Yes
- 🙢
- No
- Target of abuse: Human
- 🙢
- Yes
- 🙢
- No
- Q1.
- I believe I have the knowledge to identify suspected animal abuse.
- Yes
- No
- Q2.
- Frequency of suspected animal abuse cases I have encountered within the past five years
- No abuse case was found
- ≤1 time
- 2–3 times
- 4–11 times
- >11 times
- Q3.
- Who brought the abused animals to you? (Multiple choices were allowed.)
- Owner
- Others
- Public institutions (government veterinarians, animal protection officers, police, etc.)
- Private groups
- Q4.
- Reasons for suspecting the case to be physical animal abuse (Multiple choices were allowed. Open-ended question.)
- Nature of injury
- Exposed or seen by witnesses
- Owner’s behavior
- Inconsistent medical history
- Repeated presentation of injuries
- Neglect
- Q5.
- What was the species of the abused animal? (Multiple choices were allowed. Open-ended question.)
- Dog
- Cat
- Small animals (except dogs and cats)
- Economic animal
- Exotic animal
- Q6.
- Injured body part caused by physical abuse. (Multiple choices were allowed. Open-ended question.)
- Head injury
- Ocular injury or visual impairment
- Ear and auricular impairment
- Teeth injury
- Sternum, ribs, or vertebra injury
- Limb injury
- Genital injury
- Tail injury
- Q7.
- Type of injury caused by physical abuse. (Multiple choices were allowed. Open-ended question.)
- Poisoning
- Thermal burn (chemical or heat, etc.)
- Friction burn
- Asphyxia
- Sharp force injuries (incised or stab wounds, etc.)
- Bruises or hemorrhage
- Abrasions or lacerations
- Animal fighting (dogfighting, etc.)
- Emaciation, malnutrition, or poor fur condition
- Q8.
- Was suspected human abuse also involved in the animal abuse case?
- No abuse
- Suspected abuse
- Known abuse
- No idea
- Q1.
- I believe I have the knowledge to identify suspected animal abuse.
- Yes
- No
- Q2.
- Frequency of suspected animal abuse cases I have encountered within the past five years
- No abuse case was found
- ≤ 1 time
- 2–3 times
- 4–11 times
- > 11 times
- Q3.
- Who brought the abused animals to you? (Multiple choices were allowed.)
- Owner
- Others
- Public institutions (government veterinarians, animal protection officers, police, etc.)
- Private groups
- Q4.
- Reasons for suspecting the case to be physical animal abuse (Multiple choices were allowed. Open-ended question.)
- Trembling, curl up
- Anxiety
- Aggressive
- Alert, easily frightened
- Q5.
- What was the species of the abused animal? (Multiple choices were allowed. Open-ended question.)
- Dog
- Cat
- Small animals (except dogs and cats)
- Economic animal
- Exotic animal
- Q6.
- Was suspected human abuse also involved in the animal abuse case?
- No abuse
- Suspected abuse
- Known abuse
- No idea
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Demographic Characteristics | Number | (%) |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male Female | 86 161 | 34.8 65.2 |
Age (years) | ||
18–29 30–39 40–49 50–64 ≥65 | 161 52 18 16 0 | 65.2 21.1 7.3 6.4 0 |
Year of graduation | ||
After 2021 2016–2020 2011–2015 2001–2010 1991–2000 1981–1990 1971–1980 Before 1970 | 100 60 32 24 24 5 2 0 | 40.5 24.3 13.0 9.7 9.7 2.0 0.8 0 |
Type of clinical practice * | ||
Dogs and cats Small animals (except dogs and cats) Economic animals Exotic animals Researchers Government veterinarians Others | 183 53 44 50 28 8 7 | 74.1 21.5 17.8 20.2 11.0 3.2 2.8 |
Statement | Mean Score ± SD | Likert Scale | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | ||
Percentage of Responses | |||||||
Item 1 When animal abuse is suspected, the veterinarian has a moral or legal responsibility to intervene. | 5.05 ± 1.04 | 0.4 | 2.0 | 5.2 | 19.4 | 30.6 | 42.3 |
Item 2 In practice, when presented with a suspected animal abuse case, I know my legal rights and responsibilities. | 4.28 ± 1.56 | 6.5 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 20.6 | 22.6 | 28.6 |
Item 3 In practice, when presented with an animal abuse case, I would assist in preventing it from happening again. | 5.17 ± 0.97 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 4.8 | 13.3 | 34.7 | 45.6 |
Item 4 People who abuse animals are more likely to abuse their children. | 4.92 ± 1.28 | 2.0 | 3.2 | 8.5 | 21.4 | 17.3 | 47.6 |
Item 5 People who abuse animals are more likely to abuse their spouse. | 4.74 ± 1.35 | 2.8 | 4.0 | 11.3 | 21.4 | 19.8 | 40.7 |
Item 6 People who abuse animals are more likely to commit other types of crime. | 4.75 ± 1.43 | 2.4 | 6.5 | 12.1 | 17.3 | 16.1 | 45.6 |
Item 7 People who train animals using punitive methods (physical correction, choker leash, electric collar, etc.) are more likely to abuse animals. | 4.14 ± 1.38 | 3.6 | 10.9 | 14.9 | 28.2 | 23.4 | 19.0 |
Item 8 During veterinary training, I was provided with adequate information and training to identify and prevent animal abuse. | 3.07 ± 1.61 | 18.1 | 26.2 | 18.1 | 15.7 | 10.5 | 11.3 |
Item 9 In practice, when domestic violence is suspected, the veterinarian has a moral responsibility to intervene. | 3.85 ± 1.47 | 6.5 | 14.9 | 16.1 | 27.4 | 18.5 | 16.5 |
Item 10 In practice, when presented with child or spousal abuse, I feel I should provide assistance to the client. | 4.23 ± 1.41 | 3.2 | 10.5 | 15.7 | 23.0 | 25.0 | 22.6 |
Mean Score ± SD | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item 4 | Item 5 | Item 3 | Item 10 | Item 8 | |
Statement | Animal abusers are more likely to… | I need to assist when there’s… | I was provided with adequate information in the veterinary training course. | ||
abuse children. | abuse spouse. | animal abuse. | child/spousal abuse. | ||
Gender | |||||
Male Female | 4.83 ± 1.44 4.97 ± 1.19 | 4.67 ± 1.50 4.77 ± 1.27 | 5.09 ± 1.09 5.22 ± 0.89 | 4.37 ± 1.46 4.16 ± 1.37 | 3.24 ± 1.69 2.98 ± 1.56 |
Age (years) | |||||
18–29 30–39 40–49 50–64 | 4.80 ± 1.26 5.17 ± 1.26 4.83 ± 1.73 4.92 ±1.28 | 4.58 ± 1.34 a 5.08 ± 1.30 a 5.25 ± 0.93 a 4.74 ± 1.35 a | 5.28 ± 0.88 b 5.02 ± 1.02 b 4.72 ± 1.27 b 5.17 ± 0.97 b | 4.25 ± 1.35 4.06 ± 1.56 4.50 ± 1.34 4.38 ± 1.50 | 3.22 ± 1.57 2.77 ± 1.81 2.44 ± 1.10 3.25 ± 1.57 |
Graduation year | |||||
After 2021 2016–2020 2011–2015 2001–2010 1991–2000 1981–1990 1971–1980 | 4.85 ± 1.28 4.72 ± 1.25 5.13 ± 1.23 5.33 ± 0.87 5.04 ± 1.57 4.80 ± 2.17 5.00 ± 0.00 | 4.62 ± 1.30 4.61 ± 1.29 4.90 ± 1.60 5.25 ± 0.90 4.79 ± 1.59 4.80 ± 2.17 5.00 ± 0.00 | 5.38 ± 0.91 5.00 ± 0.84 5.10 ± 1.08 5.21 ± 0.88 4.83 ± 1.34 5.20 ± 0.84 5.00 ± 0.00 | 4.26 ± 1.49 4.31 ± 1.18 4.10 ± 1.45 4.21 ± 1.53 4.33 ± 1.40 4.20 ± 1.64 2.00 ± 0.00 | 3.54 ± 1.60 c 2.90 ± 1.61 c 2.42 ± 1.54 c 2.71 ± 1.49 c 2.83 ± 1.37 c 3.20 ± 1.92 c 2.00 ± 0.00 c |
Graduation year | |||||
After 2021 Before 2020 | 4.85 ± 1.28 4.97 ± 1.28 | 4.62 ± 1.30 4.82 ± 1.38 | 5.38 ± 0.91 d 5.03 ± 0.98 d | 4.26 ± 1.49 4.22 ± 1.35 | 3.54 ± 1.60 e 2.76 ± 1.53 e |
Mean Score ± SD | p Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Statement | Target of Abuse | Not Report at All | Report Severe Cases | Report All Cases | |
Item 1 When animal abuse is suspected, the veterinarian has a moral or legal responsibility to intervene. | Animal Human | 4.00 ± 0.77 4.44 ± 1.04 | 4.76 ± 1.12 4.94 ± 1.00 | 5.41 ± 0.81 5.28 ± 1.01 | <0.01 <0.01 |
Item 9 In practice, when domestic violence is suspected, the veterinarian has a moral responsibility to intervene. | Animal Human | 2.45 ± 1.29 2.44 ± 1.16 | 3.51 ± 1.38 3.60 ± 1.37 | 4.20 ± 1.41 4.40 ± 1.36 | <0.01 <0.01 |
Item 3 In practice, when presented with an animal abuse case, I would assist in preventing it from happening again. | Animal Human | 3.91 ± 1.38 4.24 ± 1.01 | 4.95 ± 0.91 5.06 ± 0.96 | 5.50 ± 0.82 5.49 ± 0.80 | <0.01 <0.01 |
Item 10 In practice, when presented with child or spousal abuse, I feel I should provide assistance to the client. | Animal Human | 3.36 ± 1.75 2.64 ± 1.29 | 3.92 ± 1.34 3.99 ± 1.29 | 4.61 ± 1.34 4.81 ± 1.19 | <0.01 <0.01 |
Item 4 People who abuse animals are more likely to abuse their children. | Animal Human | 4.73 ± 1.95 4.80 ± 1.55 | 4.96 ± 1.27 4.90 ± 1.30 | 4.89 ± 1.23 4.97 ± 1.21 | 0.804 0.822 |
Item 5 People who abuse animals are more likely to abuse their spouse. | Animal Human | 4.73 ± 1.95 4.32 ± 1.73 | 4.71 ± 1.41 4.72 ± 1.37 | 4.76 ± 1.25 4.84 ± 1.24 | 0.958 0.212 |
Mean Score ± SD | p Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Statement | Target of Abuse | No | Yes | |
I can distinguish abuse features. | Animal Human | 2.62 ± 1.50 2.61 ± 1.49 | 3.17 ± 1.62 3.27 ± 1.62 | 0.037 <0.01 |
Dealing with abuse cases is beyond my profession or competence. | Animal Human | 3.33 ± 1.54 3.64 ± 1.65 | 2.77 ± 1.64 2.89 ± 1.55 | <0.01 <0.01 |
I am worried that dealing with abuse cases will irritate clients. | Animal Human | 3.42 ± 1.43 3.14 ± 1.46 | 2.98 ± 1.64 3.06 ± 1.64 | 0.077 0.734 |
It Should Be Mandatory to Report Animal Abuse. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Statement | Target of Abuse | Belief (n, %) | No (n, %) | Yes (n, %) | p Value |
Dealing with abuse cases is beyond my profession or competence. | Animal | No (134, 54.3%) Yes (113, 45.7%) | 17 (60.7%) 11 (39.3%) | 117 (53.4%) 102 (46.6%) | 0.466 |
Human | No (59, 23.9%) Yes (188, 76.1%) | 6 (21.4%) 22 (78.6%) | 53 (24.2%) 166 (75.8%) | 0.746 | |
It should be mandatory to report human abuse. | |||||
Dealing with abuse cases is beyond my profession or competence. | Animal | No (134, 54.3%) Yes (113, 45.7%) | 51 (61.4%) 32 (38.6%) | 83 (50.6%) 81 (49.4%) | 0.106 |
Human | No (59, 23.9%) Yes (188, 76.1%) | 11 (13.3%) 72 (86.7%) | 48 (29.3%) 116 (70.7%) | <0.01 | |
It should be mandatory to report animal abuse. | |||||
I am worried that dealing with abuse cases will irritate clients. | Animal | No (52, 21.1%) Yes (195, 78.9%) | 6 (21.4%) 22 (78.6%) | 46 (21.0%) 173 (79.0%) | 0.959 |
Human | No (49, 19.8%) Yes (198, 80.2%) | 6 (21.4%) 22 (78.6%) | 43 (19.6%) 176 (80.4%) | 0.823 | |
It should be mandatory to report human abuse. | |||||
I am worried that dealing with abuse cases will irritate clients. | Animal | No (52, 21.1%) Yes (195, 78.9%) | 20 (24.1%) 63 (75.9%) | 32 (19.5%) 132 (80.5%) | 0.404 |
Human | No (49, 19.8%) Yes (198, 80.2%) | 14 (16.9%) 69 (83.1%) | 35 (21.3%) 129 (78.7%) | 0.405 | |
It should be mandatory to report animal abuse. | |||||
It is my civic responsibility to report abuse cases. | Animal | No (22, 8.9%) Yes (225, 91.1%) | 10 (35.7%) 18 (64.3%) | 12 (5.5%) 207 (94.5%) | <0.01 |
Human | No (30, 12.1%) Yes (217, 87.9%) | 7 (25.0%) 21 (75.0%) | 23 (10.5%) 196 (89.5%) | 0.057 | |
It should be mandatory to report human abuse. | |||||
It is my civic responsibility to report abuse cases. | Animal | No (22, 8.9%) Yes (225, 91.1%) | 12 (14.5%) 71 (85.5%) | 10 (6.1%) 154 (93.9%) | 0.029 |
Human | No (30, 12.1%) Yes (217, 87.9%) | 21 (25.3%) 62 (74.7%) | 9 (5.5%) 164 (94.5%) | <0.01 | |
It should be mandatory to report animal abuse. | |||||
Willingness to report abuse cases | Animal | Not report at all (11, 4.5%) Report severe cases (114, 46.2%) Report all cases (122, 49.4%) | 4 (14.3%) 18 (64.3%) 6 (21.4%) | 7 (3.2%) 96 (43.8%) 116 (53.0%) | <0.01 |
Human | Not report at all (25, 10.1%) Report severe cases (107, 43.3%) Report all cases (115, 46.6%) | 6 (21.4%) 12 (42.9%) 10 (35.7%) | 19 (8.7%) 95 (43.4%) 105 (47.9%) | 0.135 | |
It should be mandatory to report human abuse. | |||||
Willingness to report abuse cases | Animal | Not report at all (11, 4.5%) Report severe cases (114, 46.2%) Report all cases (122, 49.4%) | 3 (3.6%) 48 (57.8%) 32 (38.6%) | 8 (4.9%) 66 (40.2%) 90 (54.9%) | 0.032 |
Human | Not report at all (25, 10.1%) Report severe cases (107, 43.3%) Report all cases (115, 46.6%) | 15 (18.1%) 46 (55.4%) 22 (26.5%) | 10 (6.1%) 61 (37.2%) 93 (56.7%) | <0.01 |
Statement | It Should Be Mandatory to Report Abuse Cases When Veterinarians Encounter Deliberate abuse. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Target of Abuse: Animal | Target Of Abuse: Human | |||||
Characteristics (n, %) | No (n, %) | Yes (n, %) | p Value | No (n, %) | Yes (n, %) | p Value |
Gender | 0.343 | 0.977 | ||||
Male (86, 34.8%) Female (161, 65.2%) | 12 (14.0%) 16 (9.9%) | 74 (86.0%) 145 (90.1%) | 29 (33.7%) 54 (33.5%) | 57 (66.3%) 107 (66.4%) | ||
Age (years) | 0.740 | 0.526 | ||||
18–29 (161, 65.2%) 30–39 (52, 21.1%) 40–49 (18, 7.3%) 50–64 (16, 6.5%) | 17 (10.6%) 7 (13.5%) 3 (16.7%) 1 (6.3%) | 144 (89.4%) 45 (86.5%) 15 (83.3%) 15 (93.8%) | 57 (35.4%) 16 (30.8%) 7 (38.9%) 3 (18.8%) | 104 (64.6%) 36 (69.2%) 11 (61.1%) 13 (81.3%) | ||
Graduation year | 0.836 | 0.412 | ||||
After 2021 (100, 40.5%) 2016–2020 (61, 24.7%) 2011–2015 (31, 12.6%) 2001–2010 (24, 9.7%) 1991–2000 (24, 9.7%) 1981–1990 (5, 2.0%) 1971–1980 (2, 0.8%) | 10 (10.0%) 8 (13.1%) 3 (9.7%) 4 (16.7%) 3 (12.5%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) | 90 (90.0%) 53 (86.9%) 28 (90.3%) 20 (83.3%) 21 (87.5%) 5 (100.0%) 2 (100.0%) | 34 (34.0%) 21 (34.4%) 10 (32.3%) 9 (37.5.6%) 9 (37.5%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) | 66 (66.0%) 40 (65.6%) 21 (67.7%) 15 (62.5%) 15 (62.5%) 5 (100.0%) 2 (100.0%) |
Veterinarians’ Graduation Status | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Statement | Target of Abuse | Belief (n, %) | After 2021 (n, %) | Before 2020 (n, %) | p Value |
I can distinguish abuse features. | Animal | No (45, 18.2%) Yes (202, 81.8%) | 22 (22.0%) 78 (78.0%) | 23 (15.6%) 124 (84.4%) | 0.204 |
Human | No (75, 30.4%) Yes (172, 69.6%) | 26 (26.0%) 74 (74.0%) | 49 (33.3%) 98 (66.7%) | 0.219 | |
Dealing with abuse cases is beyond my profession or competence. | Animal | No (134, 54.3%) Yes (113, 45.7%) | 59 (59.0%) 41 (41.0%) | 75 (51.0%) 72 (49.0%) | 0.217 |
Human | No (59, 23.9%) Yes (188, 76.1%) | 28 (28.0%) 72 (72.0%) | 31 (21.1%) 116 (78.9%) | 0.211 | |
I am worried that dealing with abuse cases will irritate clients. | Animal | No (52, 21.1%) Yes (195, 78.9%) | 25 (25.0%) 75 (75.0%) | 27 (18.4%) 120 (81.6%) | 0.209 |
Human | No (49, 19.8%) Yes (198, 80.2%) | 24 (24.0%) 76 (76.0%) | 25 (17.0%) 122 (83.0%) | 0.176 | |
It is my civic responsibility to report abuse cases. | Animal | No (22, 8.9%) Yes (225, 91.1%) | 7 (7.0%) 93 (93.0%) | 15 (10.2%) 132 (89.8%) | 0.386 |
Human | No (30, 12.1%) Yes (217, 87.9%) | 12 (12.0%) 88 (88.0%) | 18 (12.2%) 129 (87.8%) | 0.954 | |
It should be mandatory to report abuse cases when veterinarians encounter deliberate abuse. | Animal | No (28, 11.3%) Yes (219, 88.7%) | 10 (10.0%) 90 (90.0%) | 18 (12.2%) 129 (87.8%) | 0.585 |
Human | No (83, 33.6%) Yes (164, 66.4%) | 34 (34.0%) 66 (66.0%) | 49 (33.3%) 98 (66.7%) | 0.913 | |
Willingness (n, %) | |||||
Willingness to report abuse cases | Animal | Not report at all (11, 4.5%) Report severe cases (114, 46.2%) Report all cases (122, 49.4%) | 2 (2.0%) 34 (34.0%) 64 (64.0%) | 9 (6.1%) 80 (54.4%) 58 (39.5%) | <0.01 |
Human | Not report at all (25, 10.1%) Report severe cases (107, 43.3%) Report all cases (115, 46.6%) | 7 (7.0%) 36 (36.0%) 57 (57.0%) | 18 (12.2%) 71 (48.3%) 58 (39.5%) | 0.022 |
Average Frequency of Encounters in a Year | Raw Number (%) | Number Possessing Knowledge (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Physical Abuse | Mental Abuse | Physical Abuse | Mental Abuse | |
No abuse case was found | 57 (42.9%) | 61 (45.9%) | 43 (36.1%) | 41 (36.3%) |
≤1 time | 31 (23.0%) | 32 (24.1%) | 31 (26.1%) | 32 (28.3%) |
2–3 times | 33 (24.8%) | 32 (24.1%) | 33 (27.7%) | 32 (28.3%) |
4–11 times | 7 (5.3%) | 5 (3.8%) | 7 (5.9%) | 5 (4.4%) |
>11 times | 5 (4.0%) | 3 (2.2%) | 5 (4.2%) | 3 (2.7%) |
Total | 133 | 133 | 119 | 113 |
Statement | Number (%) |
---|---|
Who brought the abused animal to the veterinarian? * | |
Owner Others Public institutions (government veterinarians, animal protection officers, police, etc.) | 61 (51.3%) 34 (28.6%) 15 (12.6%) |
Private groups | 19 (16.0%) |
What species was the abused animal? * | |
Dog Cat Small animals (except dogs and cats) Economic animal Exotic animal Laboratory animal ^ | 61 (51.3%) 53 (44.5%) 12 (10.1%) 7 (5.9%) 6 (5.0%) 1 (0.8%) |
Was suspected human abuse also involved in the animal abuse case? | |
No abuse Suspected abuse Known abuse No idea | 72 (60.5%) 9 (7.6%) 1 (0.8%) 37 (31.1%) |
Statement | Number (%) |
---|---|
Nature of injury | 56 (47.1%) |
Neglect | 52 (43.7%) |
Owner’s behavior | 36 (30.3%) |
Repeated presentation of injuries | 21 (17.6%) |
Inconsistent medical history | 20 (16.8%) |
Exposed or seen by witnesses | 18 (15.1%) |
Witness at clinic ^ | 1 (0.8%) |
Inhumane slaughter | 1 (0.8%) |
Statement | Number (%) |
---|---|
Alert, easily frightened | 42 (37.2%) |
Trembling, curl up | 35 (31.0%) |
Anxiety | 29 (25.7%) |
Aggressive | 27 (23.0%) |
Self-harm and compulsive behavior ^ | 1 (0.9%) |
Statement | Number (%) |
---|---|
Injured body part | |
Limb injury Head injury Sternum, ribs, or vertebra injury Ocular injury or visual impairment Tail injury Genital injury Teeth injury Ear and auricular impairment Abdominal injuries (abdominal trauma or organ hemorrhage) ^ Pelvic fracture ^ Improper stun and exsanguination ^ | 50 (42.0%) 31 (26.1%) 26 (21.8%) 16 (13.4%) 10 (8.4%) 6 (5.0%) 5 (4.2%) 2 (1.7%) 2 (1.7%) 1 (0.8%) 1 (0.8%) |
Type of injury | |
Emaciation, malnutrition, or poor fur condition Bruises or hemorrhage Abrasions or lacerations Sharp force injuries (incised or stab wounds, etc.) Poisoning Thermal burn (chemical or heat, etc.) Animal fighting (dogfighting, etc.) Friction burn Asphyxia Fracture or dislocation ^ Neurological signs (carrying) ^ Clamped by traps or tied with rubber bands ^ Firearm injuries ^ | 49 (41.2%) 41 (34.5%) 29 (24.4%) 28 (23.5%) 16 (13.4%) 13 (10.9%) 13 (10.9%) 9 (7.6%) 5 (4.2%) 4 (3.4%) 1 (0.8%) 1 (0.8%) 1 (0.8%) |
Average Frequency of Encounter in a Year | Not Report at All | Report Severe Cases | Report All Cases |
---|---|---|---|
No abuse case was recorded | 1 (14.3%) | 15 (24.2%) | 25 (52.1%) |
≤1 time | 2 (28.6%) | 21 (33.9%) | 8 (16.7%) |
2–3 times | 1 (14.3%) | 21 (33.9%) | 11 (22.9%) |
4–11 times | 2 (28.6%) | 4 (6.5%) | 1 (2.1%) |
>11 times | 1 (14.3%) | 1 (1.6%) | 3 (6.3%) |
Total | 7 | 62 | 48 |
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Chen, Y.-H.; Huang, W.-H. Pilot Study of Attitudes of Taiwanese Veterinarians and Undergraduate Veterinary Students toward Animal Abuse and Interpersonal Violence. Animals 2022, 12, 1135. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12091135
Chen Y-H, Huang W-H. Pilot Study of Attitudes of Taiwanese Veterinarians and Undergraduate Veterinary Students toward Animal Abuse and Interpersonal Violence. Animals. 2022; 12(9):1135. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12091135
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Yi-Hsuan, and Wei-Hsiang Huang. 2022. "Pilot Study of Attitudes of Taiwanese Veterinarians and Undergraduate Veterinary Students toward Animal Abuse and Interpersonal Violence" Animals 12, no. 9: 1135. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12091135
APA StyleChen, Y.-H., & Huang, W.-H. (2022). Pilot Study of Attitudes of Taiwanese Veterinarians and Undergraduate Veterinary Students toward Animal Abuse and Interpersonal Violence. Animals, 12(9), 1135. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12091135