Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Detection and Plasmid Typing Among Multidrug Resistant Enterococci Isolated from Freshwater Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Enterococcus Isolates
2.2. PCR
2.3. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. AR Genes
3.2. Replicon Families
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Isolate ID | Species | AR Phenotype 1 | AR Gene | Plasmid | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rep-Family | Prototype | ||||
2 Ent | E. faecium | CipLinTet | tet(M), tet(O) | ||
2 mE | E. faecium | CipLinTet | tet(M), tet(O) | ||
3 mE | E. casseliflavus | CipLinSyn | 3, 11 | pAW63, pEF1071 | |
7 mE | E. casseliflavus | CipLinSyn | 11 | pEF1071 | |
23 mE | E. gallinarum | CipLinTet | tet(S) | 11 | pEF1071 |
24 Ent | E. faecium | CipDapTet | tet(M) | ||
24 mE | E. faecium | CipDapTet | tet(M) | ||
25 mE | E. faecium | CipEryLinTetTyl | lnu(B), tet(L), tet(M), erm(B), erm(C) | 2 | pRE25 |
25 Ent | E. faecium | LinStrTet | ant(6)-Ia | ||
26 mE | E. casseliflavus | CipLinSyn | 3, 11, 16 | pAW63, pEF1071, pSAS16 | |
27 Ent | E. hirae | DapLinTet | lnu(B), tet(L), tet(M) | 5, 13, 15 | pSAS, pC194, pUSA03 |
72 mE | E. casseliflavus | KanLinStrTetTyl | tet(M), erm(B), erm(C), aph(3′)-IIIa | 3, 11, 12 | pAW63, pEF1071, pBMB67 |
97 mE | E. casseliflavus | CipLinSyn | 3, 11 | pAW63, pEF1071 | |
101 mE | E. casseliflavus | CipLinTet | tet(M), qnrE. faecalis | 11 | pEF1071 |
118 mE | E. faecalis | ChlDapEryLinTetTyl | tet(M), erm(B), erm(C) | ||
131c- mE | E. hirae | DapLinTet | lnu(B), tet(L), tet(M) | 5 | pSAS |
134a- mE | E. gallinarum | EryLinTetTyl | tet(S), erm(B), erm(C) | ||
134c- CHR | E. gallinarum | EryLinSynTetTyl | tet(S) | ||
137a- Ent | E. faecalis | LinPenTet | tet(M) | 9 | pCF10 |
139a- Ent | E. gallinarum | CipLinTet | tet(K), tet(M) | 11, 15 | pEF1071, pUSA03 |
139b- Ent | E. gallinarum | CipLinTet | tet(M) | ||
157a- mE | E. hirae | DapLinTet | lnu(B), tet(L), tet(M) | 16 | pSAS16 |
160a- Ent | E. faecalis | EryLinTetTyl | tet(M), erm(B), erm(C) | ||
160b- mE | E. faecalis | EryLinTetTyl | tet(M), erm(B), erm(C) | 16 | pSAS16 |
163a- mE | E. hirae | DapLinTet | lnu(B), tet(L), tet(M), tet(O) | 5 | pSAS |
164 Ent | E. casseliflavus | CipLinTig | 11 | pEF1071 | |
168 Ent | E. casseliflavus | LinSynTig | 11 | pEF1071 | |
169 Ent | E. casseliflavus | CipLinTig | qnrE. faecalis | 3, 11 | pAW63, pEF1071 |
170 Ent | E. gallinarum | LinSynTig | |||
173 Ent | E. casseliflavus | CipLinTig | 3, 11 | pAW63, pEF1071 | |
177 Ent | E. gallinarum | LinSynTig | |||
182 Ent | E. casseliflavus | LinSynTig | 11 | pEF1071 | |
184 Ent | E. casseliflavus | CipLinTig | 3, 11 | pAW63, pEF1071 | |
193 Ent | E. casseliflavus | CipLinTig | 3, 11 | pAW63, pEF1071 | |
206 Ent | E. casseliflavus | LinSynTig | vat(E) | 11 | pEF1071 |
222 Ent | E. casseliflavus | CipLinTetTig | |||
251 Ent | E. faecalis | LinStrTet | tet(M) | 8, 9 | pAM373, pCF10 |
253 Ent | E. hirae | DapLinTet | lnu(B), tet(L), tet(M) | 6, 12 | pS86, pBMB67 |
262 Ent | E. faecium | CipLinTet | lnu(B), tet(M) | ||
314 Ent | E. gallinarum | CipLinTet | tet(S) | ||
317 Ent | E. hirae | DapLinTet | lnu(B), tet(M) | 3, 11 | pAW63, pEF1071 |
339 Ent | E. casseliflavus | EryLinTetTyl | tet(L), tet(M), erm(B), erm(C) | 2, 5 | pRE25, pSAS |
379 Ent | E. mundtii | DapLinTig | 3, 4, 11 | pAW63, pMBB1, pEF1071 | |
384 Ent | E. casseliflavus | CipLinSynTig | qnrE. faecalis | 11 | pEF1071 |
394 Ent | E. hirae | DapLinTig | lnu(B) | 6 | pS86 |
396 Ent | E. gallinarum | CipLinTetTig | tet(S) | 5 | pSAS |
407 Ent | E. faecalis | KanLinTet | tet(K), tet(L), tet(M), aph(3′)-IIIa | 6, 12 | pS86, pBMB67 |
420 Ent | E. hirae | CipLinSyn | |||
421 Ent | E. gallinarum | CipLinTetTig | tet(M) | 4 | pMBB1 |
423 Ent | E. faecalis | LinTetTig | tet(M) | 9, 15 | pCF10, pUSA03 |
436 Ent | E. faecalis | LinTetTig | tet(K), tet(M) | 15 | pUSA03 |
AR Phenotype (No. of Isolates) | AR Gene | No. of Gene (%) | Species (No. of Isolates) |
---|---|---|---|
Lincomycin (n = 49) | lnu(B) | 9 (18.4) | E. faecium (2) |
E. hirae (7) | |||
Tetracycline (n = 33) | tet(K) | 3 (9.1) | E. faecalis (2) |
E. gallinarum (1) | |||
tet(L) | 8 (24.2) | E. casseliflavus (1) | |
E. faecalis (1) | |||
E. faecium (1) | |||
E. hirae (5) | |||
tet(M) | 26 (78.8) | E. casseliflavus (3) | |
E. faecalis (8) | |||
E. faecium (6) | |||
E. gallinarum (3) | |||
E. hirae (6) | |||
tet(O) | 3 (9.1) | E. faecium (2) | |
E. hirae (1) | |||
tet(S) | 5 (15.2) | E. gallinarum (5) | |
Ciprofloxacin (n = 25) | qnrE. faecalis | 3 (12.0) | E. casseliflavus (3) |
Q/D (n = 12) | vat(E) | 1 (8.3) | E. casseliflavus (1) |
Macrolides (tylosin, erythromycin) (n = 7) | erm(B) | 6 (85.7) | E. casseliflavus (1) |
E. faecalis (3) | |||
E. faecium (1) | |||
E. gallinarum (1) | |||
erm(C) | 6 (85.7) | E. casseliflavus (1) | |
E. faecalis (3) | |||
E. faecium (1) | |||
E. gallinarum (1) | |||
Streptomycin (n = 3) | ant(6)-Ia | 1 (33.3) | E. faecium (1) |
Kanamycin (n = 2) | aph(3′)-IIIa | 2 (100.0) | E. casseliflavus (1) |
E. faecalis (1) |
AR Gene Profile | No. of Isolates | Species (No. of Isolates) |
---|---|---|
none | 15 | E. casseliflavus (11), E. gallinarum (2), E. hirae (1), E. mundtii (1) |
ant(6)-Ia | 1 | E. faecium (1) |
lnu(B) | 1 | E. hirae (1) |
qnrE. faecalis | 2 | E. casseliflavus (2) |
tet(M) | 7 | E. faecium (2), E. faecalis (3), E. gallinarum (2) |
tet(S) | 4 | E. gallinarum (4) |
vat(E) | 1 | E. casseliflavus (1) |
lnu(B), tet(M) | 2 | E. faecium (1), E. hirae (1) |
tet(K), tet(M) | 2 | E. gallinarum (1), E. faecalis (1) |
tet(M), qnrE. faecalis | 1 | E. casseliflavus (1) |
tet(M), tet(O) | 2 | E. faecium (2) |
lnu(B), tet(L), tet(M) | 4 | E. hirae (4) |
tet(M), erm(B), erm(C) | 3 | E. faecalis (3) |
tet(S), erm(B), erm(C) | 1 | E. gallinarum (1) |
lnu(B), tet(L), tet(M), tet(O) | 1 | E. hirae (1) |
tet(K), tet(L), tet(M), aph(3′)-IIIa | 1 | E. faecalis (1) |
tet(L), tet(M), erm(B), erm(C) | 1 | E. casseliflavus (1) |
tet(M), erm(B), erm(C), aph(3′)-IIIa | 1 | E. casseliflavus (1) |
lnu(B), tet(L), tet(M), erm(B), erm(C) | 1 | E. faecium (1) |
No. of Rep-Families | Plasmid | No. of Isolates | Species (No. of Isolates) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rep-Family | Prototype | |||
0 | 16 | E. casseliflavus (1), E. faecalis (2), E. faecium (6), E. gallinarum (6), E. hirae (1) | ||
1 | 2 | pRE25 | 1 | E. faecium (1) |
5 | pSAS | 3 | E. gallinarum (1), E. hirae (2) | |
4 | pMBB1 | 1 | E. gallinarum (1) | |
6 | pS86 | 1 | E. hirae (1) | |
9 | pCF10 | 1 | E. faecalis (1) | |
11 | pEF1071 | 8 | E. casseliflavus (7), E. gallinarum (1) | |
15 | USA03 | 1 | E. faecalis (1) | |
16 | pSAS16 | 2 | E. faecalis (1), E. hirae (1) | |
2 | 3, 11 | pAW63, pEF1071 | 7 | E. casseliflavus (6), E. hirae (1) |
2, 5 | pRE25, pSAS | 1 | E. casseliflavus (1) | |
8, 9 | pAM373, pCF10 | 1 | E. faecalis (1) | |
9, 15 | pCF10, pUSA03 | 1 | E. faecalis (1) | |
6, 12 | pS86, pBMB67 | 2 | E. faecalis (1), E. hirae (1) | |
11, 15 | pEF1071, pUSA03 | 1 | E. gallinarum (1) | |
3 | 3, 4, 11 | pAW63, pMBB1, pEF1071 | 1 | E. mundtii (1) |
3, 11, 16 | pAW63, pEF1071, pSAS16 | 1 | E. casseliflavus (1) | |
3, 11, 12 | pAW63, pEF1071, pBMB67 | 1 | E. casseliflavus (1) | |
5, 13, 15 | pSAS, pC194, pUSA03 | 1 | E. hirae (1) |
Plasmid | No. of Isolates | Species (No. of Isolates) | |
---|---|---|---|
Rep-Family | Prototype | ||
2 | pRE25 | 2 | E. casseliflavus (1), E. faecium (1) |
3 | pAW63 | 10 | E. casseliflavus (8), E. hirae (1), E. mundtii (1) |
4 | pMBB1 | 2 | E. gallinarum (1), E. mundtii (1) |
5 | pSAS | 5 | E. casseliflavus (1), E. gallinarum (1), E. hirae (3) |
6 | pS86 | 3 | E. faecalis (1), E. hirae (2) |
8 | pAM373 | 1 | E. faecalis (1) |
9 | pCF10 | 3 | E. faecalis (3) |
11 | pEF1071 | 19 | E. casseliflavus (15), E. gallinarum (2), E. hirae (1), E. mundtii (1) |
12 | pBMB67 | 3 | E. casseliflavus (1), E. faecalis (1), E. hirae (1) |
13 | pC194 | 1 | E. hirae (1) |
15 | pUSA03 | 4 | E. faecalis (2), E. gallinarum (1), E. hirae (1) |
16 | pSAS16 | 3 | E. casseliflavus (1), E. faecalis (1), E. hirae (1) |
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Cho, S.; Barrett, J.B.; Frye, J.G.; Jackson, C.R. Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Detection and Plasmid Typing Among Multidrug Resistant Enterococci Isolated from Freshwater Environment. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 1338. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091338
Cho S, Barrett JB, Frye JG, Jackson CR. Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Detection and Plasmid Typing Among Multidrug Resistant Enterococci Isolated from Freshwater Environment. Microorganisms. 2020; 8(9):1338. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091338
Chicago/Turabian StyleCho, Sohyun, John B. Barrett, Jonathan G. Frye, and Charlene R. Jackson. 2020. "Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Detection and Plasmid Typing Among Multidrug Resistant Enterococci Isolated from Freshwater Environment" Microorganisms 8, no. 9: 1338. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091338