Probiotics and Cat Health: A Review of Progress and Prospects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Probiotics and General Intestinal Health
3. Probiotics and Growth Performance
4. Probiotics and Oral Health
5. Probiotics and Immunity
6. Probiotics and Liver and Kidney Health
Probiotics (Trade Names, Manufacturers) | Doses | Animals (n) | Observed Outcomes | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Saccharomyces boulardii Pediococcus acidilactici | 2.25 × 1010 CFU/kg (1 × 1010 CFU/kg S. boulardii; 1.25 × 1010 CFU/kg P. acidilactici | 12 healthy cats | Modulation of gut microbe levels; improvements in microbiota-derived SCFA production; reduction in inflammatory conditions; improved antioxidant status; facilitation of settlement of Lactobacillus and Bacillus species; reduced proportions of thick-walled bacteria/pseudomonads | Li et al., 2023 [4] |
Enterococcus faecium SF68 NCIMB10415 | 5 × 108 CFU/day | 12 cats with chronic FHV-1 infections | Reductions in the prevalence of diseases associated with chronic FHV-1 infection | Lappin et al., 2009 [8] |
SLAB51™ Streptococcus thermophilus DSM32245 Lactobacillus acidophilus DSM32241 Lactobacillus plantarum DSM32244 Lactobacillus casei DSM32243 Lactobacillus helveticus DSM32242 Lactobacillus brevis DSM27961 Bifidobacterium lactis DSM32246 Bifidobacterium lactis DSM32247 | 2 × 1011 lyophilized bacteria per 5 kg body weight | 7 cats with chronic constipation; 3 cats with idiopathic megacolon; 10 healthy cats | Significant improvement in the clinical symptoms of constipation and idiopathic megacolon | Rossi et al., 2018 [9] |
Enterococcus faecium strain SF68 | 2.1 × 109 CFU/day | 217 cats with diarrhea and 182 dogs with diarrhea | Reductions in diarrhea rates | Bybee et al., 2011 [10] |
Bacillus subtilis SC06 Bacillus coagulans B10 | 3 × 109 CFU/kg | 20 healthy cats | Improvement of the apparent digestion rate; enhanced antioxidant capacity; promotion of weight gain; reduction in the incidence of diarrhea | Wang et al., 2022 [12] |
Bacillus licheniformis-fermented products | 1.1 mg/kg | 8 cats with chronic diarrhea; 4 healthy cats | Relief of diarrhea | Lee et al., 2022 [13] |
Enterococcus faecium strain SF68 | 34 cats given amoxicillin and clavulanate | Relief of diarrhea | Torres-Henderson et al., 2017 [15] | |
Enterococcus hirae (1002-2) | 1 × 108 CFU/day | 130 weaned kittens | Reduction in the diarrhea rate | Gookin et al., 2022 [17] |
Lactobacillus acidophilus CECT 4529 | 5 × 109 CFU/kg | 10 healthy cats | Improved fecal quality; increases in Lactobacillus numbers; reduction in Escherichia coli numbers | Fusi et al., 2019 [18] |
Lactobacillus reuteri NBF 2 DSM 32264 | 5 × 109 CFU/kg | 12 healthy cats | Improved fecal quality parameters; increased Lactobacillus counts; fewer coliform bacteria | Belà et al., 2024 [21] |
Lactobacillus plantarum L11 | 1 × 109 CFU/kg | 12 healthy cats | Reductions in blood triglyceride levels; fewer odorous substances in feces; increased nutrient digestion rate | Han et al., 2024 [22] |
Streptococcus thermophilus SP4 Lactobacillus plantarum 14D Lactobacillus rhamnosus SP1 | Uncounted | 9 healthy cats 13 healthy dogs | Inhibition of pathogenic bacterial growth | Mäkinen et al., 2019 [39] |
The VSL#3 probiotic | 2.25 × 1011 CFU/day | 6 healthy cats | Relief from respiratory diseases. | Vientós-Plotts et al., 2017 [45] |
Probiotics contain: Lactobacillus casei Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lactobacillus acidophilus Lactobacillus bulgaricus Bifidobacterium infantis Bifidobacterium breve Streptococcus thermophilus | 9.5 × 108 CFU/day | 1 cat with idiopathic cystitis | Relief of cystitis | Sofyan et al., 2020 [57] |
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Statista. Number of Dogs and Cats Kept as Pets Worldwide in 2018: Ema Bedford. 2020. Available online: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1044386/dog-and-cat-pet-population-worldwide/ (accessed on 20 December 2023).
- Candellone, A.; Badino, P.; Girolami, F.; Ala, U.; Mina, F.; Odore, R. Dog Owners’ Attitude toward Veterinary Antibiotic Use and Antibiotic Resistance with a Focus on Canine Diarrhea Management. Animals 2023, 13, 1061. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, M.; Mo, R.; Wang, H.; Liu, T.; Zhang, G.; Wu, Y. Grape seed proanthocyanidin improves intestinal inflammation in canine through regulating gut microbiota and bile acid compositions. FASEB J. 2023, 37, e23285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, Y.; Ali, I.; Lei, Z.; Li, Y.; Yang, M.; Yang, C.; Li, L. Effect of a Multistrain Probiotic on Feline Gut Health through the Fecal Microbiota and Its Metabolite SCFAs. Metabolites 2023, 13, 228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wernimont, S.M.; Radosevich, J.; Jackson, M.I.; Ephraim, E.; Badri, D.V.; MacLeay, J.M.; Jewell, D.E.; Suchodolski, J.S. The Effects of Nutrition on the Gastrointestinal Microbiome of Cats and Dogs: Impact on Health and Disease. Front. Microbiol. 2020, 11, 527819. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marsilio, S.; Pilla, R.; Sarawichitr, B.; Chow, B.; Hill, S.L.; Ackermann, M.R.; Estep, J.S.; Lidbury, J.A.; Steiner, J.M.; Suchodolski, J.S. Characterization of the fecal microbiome in cats with inflammatory bowel disease or alimentary small cell lymphoma. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 19208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salavati, S. Prebiotics, Probiotics and Faecal Transplants in Cats: Where Are We Now? 2024. Available online: https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/prebiotics-probiotics-and-faecal-transplants-in-cats-where-are-we/ (accessed on 5 March 2024).
- Lappin, M.R.; Veir, J.K.; Satyaraj, E.; Czarnecki-Maulden, G. Pilot study to evaluate the effect of oral supplementation of Enterococcus faecium SF68 on cats with latent feline herpesvirus 1. J. Feline Med. Surg. 2009, 11, 650–654. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rossi, G.; Jergens, A.; Cerquetella, M.; Berardi, S.; Di Cicco, E.; Bassotti, G.; Pengo, G.; Suchodolski, J.S. Effects of a probiotic (SLAB51™) on clinical and histologic variables and microbiota of cats with chronic constipation/megacolon: A pilot study. Benef. Microbes 2018, 9, 101–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bybee, S.N.; Scorza, A.V.; Lappin, M.R. Effect of the probiotic Enterococcus faecium SF68 on presence of diarrhea in cats and dogs housed in an animal shelter. Vet. Intern. Med. 2011, 25, 856–860. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yi, S. Viral Metegenomic Analysis of Feline Fecal Virome and Molecular Detection and Evolution Analysis of Feline Diarrhea-associated Viruses in Northeastern China. Ph.D. Thesis, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, F.; Li, X.; Xv, S.; Jin, X.; Xu, C.; Mei, X.; Li, W. Effects of compound Bacillus on growth, nutrient apparent digestibility and health of pet cats. Chin. J. Anim. Nutr. 2022, 34, 2596–2605. [Google Scholar]
- Lee, T.-W.; Chao, T.-Y.; Chang, H.-W.; Cheng, Y.-H.; Wu, C.-H.; Chang, Y.-C. The effects of Bacillus licheniformis—Fermented products on the microbiota and clinical presentation of cats with chronic diarrhea. Animals 2022, 12, 2187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, F.; Mei, X.; Wang, Q.; Zhao, P.; Zhou, Y.; Tang, L.; Wang, B.; Xu, S.; Li, X.; Jin, Q.; et al. Compound Bacillus alleviates diarrhea by regulating gut microbes, metabolites, and inflammatory responses in pet cats. Anim. Microbiome 2023, 5, 49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Torres-Henderson, C.; Summers, S.; Suchodolski, J.; Lappin, M.R. Effect of Enterococcus faecium strain SF68 on gastrointestinal signs and fecal microbiome in cats administered amoxicillin-clavulanate. Top. Companion Anim. Med. 2017, 32, 104–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Snell, C.B.; Winston, J.A.; Quimby, J.M.; Diaz-Campos, D.; Gibson, J.F.; Harrison, A.; Byron, J.M.; Justice, S.S.; Rudinsky, A.J. Escherichia coli probiotic exhibits in vitro growth-limiting effects on clinical feline uropathogenic E coli isolates. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2022, 83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gookin, J.L.; Strong, S.J.; Bruno-Bárcena, J.M.; Stauffer, S.H.; Williams, S.; Wassack, E.; Azcarate-Peril, M.A.; Estrada, M.; Seguin, A.; Balzer, J.; et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of feline-origin Enterococcus hirae probiotic effects on preventative health and fecal microbiota composition of fostered shelter kittens. Front. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 923792. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fusi, E.; Rizzi, R.; Polli, M.; Cannas, S.; Giardini, A.; Bruni, N.; Marelli, S.P. Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus D2/CSL (CECT 4529) supplementation on healthy cat performance. Vet. Rec. Open 2019, 6, e000368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, J. Compound probiotics and their impact on the intestinal health of pet cats. China Anim. Ind. 2023, 7, 125–126. [Google Scholar]
- Shi, C. Effects of Bacillis subtilis natto on dogs and cats. Guangdong Feed 2024, 33, 33–35. [Google Scholar]
- Belà, B.; Di Simone, D.; Pignataro, G.; Fusaro, I.; Gramenzi, A. Effects of L. reuteri NBF 2 DSM 32264 consumption on the body weight, body condition score, fecal parameters, and intestinal microbiota of healthy persian cats. Vet. Sci. 2024, 11, 61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Han, B.; Liang, S.; Sun, J.; Tao, H.; Wang, Z.; Liu, B.; Wang, X.; Liu, J.; Wang, J. The effect of Lactobacillus plantarum on the fecal microbiota, short chain fatty acids, odorous substances, and blood biochemical indices of cats. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Merenda, M.E.Z.; Sato, J.; Scheibel, S.; Uemoto, A.T.; Rossoni, D.F.; Santos, M.P.D.; Pereira, L.C.; Ribeiro, L.B.; Vasconcellos, R.S. growth curve and energy intake in male and female cats. Top. Companion Anim. Med. 2021, 44, 100518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, A.; Chen, J.; Wang, D.; Liang, S.; Yuan, B. Effects of different feeding methods on growth performance and blood indexes of british-shorthair cats. Lab. Anim. Sci. 2023, 40, 32–37. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, C.; He, R.; Dong, G. Comparative experiment on quality evaluation and deodorization antibacterial effect of probiotic bentonite cat litter. China Anim. Health 2022, 24, 110–112. [Google Scholar]
- He, S.; Ding, L.; Xu, J.; Zhao, H.; Chen, N.; Liu, Q.; Han, L.; Zhang, H.; Si, B. Advancements in research on the relationship between human health and feline gut microbiota. China Feed 2023, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, F. Exploring scientific feeding and management techniques for obese dogs and cats. China Anim. Health 2020, 22, 66–81. [Google Scholar]
- Caro-Vadillo, A.; Montoya-Alonso, J.A.; García-Guasch, L. Impact of obesity on lung function in cats with bronchoconstriction. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Martins, T.D.O.; Ramos, R.C.; Possidonio, G.; Bosculo, M.R.M.; Oliveira, P.L.; Costa, L.R.; Zamboni, V.A.G.; Marques, M.G.; de Almeida, B.F.M. Feline obesity causes hematological and biochemical changes and oxidative stress—A pilot study. Vet. Res. Commun. 2022, 47, 167–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ma, X.; Brinker, E.; Graff, E.C.; Cao, W.; Gross, A.L.; Johnson, A.K.; Zhang, C.; Martin, D.R.; Wang, X. Whole-Genome Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing Reveals Distinct Gut Microbiome Signatures of Obese Cats. Microbiol. Spectr. 2022, 10, e00837-22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Guo, L.; Zhang, Z.; Luo, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Zhu, R.; Zhang, D.; Li, Q. Advancements in the study of anesthesia for obese dogs and cats. Chin. J. Vet. Med. 2022, 58, 80–83. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, K. Causes and treatment of obesity in pet cats. Chin. J. Tradit. Vet. Sci. 2018, 5, 71–72. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, S.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, L.; Li, J.; Li, T.; Cai, W.; Zhang, B.; Qi, Z. Research progress on the relationship between intestinal microbiota and obesity in dogs and cats. Chin. J. Anim. Sci. 2023, 59, 66–70. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, B.; Jiang, B.; Duan, W.; Liu, T.; Xu, J.; Huan, Z.; Zhang, H. Research progress of probiotics on nutrition and health of dogs and cats. Feed Ind. 2024, 45, 135–144. [Google Scholar]
- Falcão, F.; Faísca, P.; Viegas, I.; de Oliveira, J.T.; Requicha, J.F. Feline oral cavity lesions diagnosed by histopathology: A 6-year retrospective study in Portugal. J. Feline Med. Surg. 2020, 22, 977–983. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chan, I.; Dowsey, A.; Lait, P.; Tasker, S.; Blackwell, E.; Helps, C.R.; Barker, E.N. Prevalence and risk factors for common respiratory pathogens within a cohort of pet cats in the UK. J. Small Anim. Pract. 2023, 64, 552–560. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Anderson, J.G.; Rojas, C.A.; Scarsella, E.; Entrolezo, Z.; Jospin, G.; Hoffman, S.L.; Force, J.; MacLellan, R.H.; Peak, M.; Shope, B.H.; et al. The oral microbiome across oral sites in cats with chronic gingivostomatitis, periodontal disease, and tooth resorption compared with healthy cats. Animals 2023, 13, 3544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Krumbeck, J.A.; Reiter, A.M.; Pohl, J.C.; Tang, S.; Kim, Y.J.; Linde, A.; Prem, A.; Melgarejo, T. Characterization of oral microbiota in cats: Novel insights on the potential role of fungi in feline chronic gingivostomatitis. Pathogens 2021, 10, 904. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mäkinen, V.-M.; Mäyrä, A.; Munukka, E. Improving the health of teeth in cats and dogs with live probiotic bacteria. J. Cosmet. Dermatol. Sci. Appl. 2019, 09, 275–283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Older, C.E.; Gomes, M.D.O.S.; Hoffmann, A.R.; Policano, M.D.; Reis, C.A.C.D.; Carregaro, A.B.; Ambrósio, C.E.; Carregaro, V.M.L. Influence of the fiv status and chronic gingivitis on feline oral microbiota. Pathogens 2020, 9, 383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Thomas, S.; Lappin, D.F.; Bennett, D.; Nile, C.; Riggio, M.P. Elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in saliva of cats with feline odontoclastic resorptive lesion. Res. Vet. Sci. 2024, 166, 105092. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, X. The Relationship between Cat Periodontal Diseaseand Oral Flora and Its Prevention and Treatment. Master’s Thesis, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China, 2022. [Google Scholar]
- Thomas, S.; Lappin, D.F.; Nile, C.J.; Spears, J.; Bennett, D.; Brandt, B.W.; Riggio, M.P. Microbiome analysis of feline odontoclastic resorptive lesion (FORL) and feline oral health. J. Med. Microbiol. 2021, 70, 001353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reddy, S.V.; Renzi, A.; De Bonis, P.; Morandi, L.; Lenzi, J.; Tinto, D.; Rigillo, A.; Bettini, G.; Bellei, E.; Sabattini, S. Prevalence of p53 dysregulations in feline oral squamous cell carcinoma and non-neoplastic oral mucosa. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0215621. [Google Scholar]
- Vientós-Plotts, A.I.; Ericsson, A.C.; Rindt, H.; Reinero, C.R. Oral probiotics alter healthy feline respiratory microbiota. Front. Microbiol. 2017, 8, 1287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liang, S.; Zhong, Y.; Wang, J.; Han, B. Biological functions of lactic acid bacteria and lts research progress in clinical application in canine and feline. Chin. J. Vet. Med. 2023, 59, 90–94. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, G. Advancements in research regarding the application and role of probiotics in promoting pet health, preventingand treating diseases. J. Jilin Agric. Univ. 2023, 45, 513–522. [Google Scholar]
- Aboubakr, H.A.; El-Banna, A.A.; Youssef, M.M.; Al-Sohaimy, S.A.A.; Goyal, S.M. Antiviral effects of Lactococcus lactis on feline calicivirus, a human norovirus surrogate. Food Environ. Virol. 2014, 6, 282–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Silva, L.A.; Neto, J.H.P.L.; Cardarelli, H.R. Exopolysaccharides produced by Lactobacillus plantarum: Technological properties, biological activity, and potential application in the food industry. Ann. Microbiol. 2019, 69, 321–328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xie, Z. Diagnosis and treatment measures for chronic kidney failure in dogs and cats. Today Anim. Husb. Vet. Med. 2023, 39, 110–112. [Google Scholar]
- He, C.; Pang, H.; Wang, S.; Lin, J. A case report of feline chronic renal failure treated by traditional Chinese veterinary medicine. J. Tradit. Chin. Vet. Med. 2022, 41, 90–93. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, C. Clinical Investigation and Diagnosis of Acute and Chronic Kidney Disease in 93 Cats. Master’s Thesis, Tarim University, Alar, China, 2022. [Google Scholar]
- Yu, Y.; Shumway, K.L.; Matheson, J.S.; Edwards, M.E.; Kline, T.L.; Lyons, L.A. Kidney and cystic volume imaging for disease presentation and progression in the cat autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease large animal model. BMC Nephrol. 2019, 20, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhou, C. Therapeutic Effect of Complex Amino Acid and Probiotics on Feline Kidney Injury. Master’s Thesis, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- De Santis, F.; Boari, A.; Dondi, F.; Crisi, P.E. Drug-dosing adjustment in dogs and cats with chronic kidney disease. Animals 2022, 12, 262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Palmquist, R.E. A preliminary clincial evaluation of kibow biotics, ® a probiotic agent, on feline azotemia. J. Am. Holistic Vet. Med. Assoc. 2006, 24, 23–27. [Google Scholar]
- Sofyan, M.; Rosman, N.; Krisnu, B.; Kamaludeen, J.; Dadi, T.B.; Pertiwi, H. Management of feline idiopathic cystitis (fic) using probiotic combination treatment. Indian Vet. J. 2020, 96, 20–22. [Google Scholar]
- An, G.; Kwon, D.; Yoon, H.; Yu, J.; Bang, S.; Lee, Y.; Jeon, S.; Jung, J.; Chang, J.; Chang, D. Evaluation of the radiographic liver length/11th thoracic vertebral length ratio as a method for quantifying liver size in cats. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 2019, 60, 640–647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tomaszewska, E.; Yamkate, P.; Gold, R.M.; Twedt, D.C.; Suchodolski, J.S.; Steiner, J.M.; Lidbury, J.A. Assessment of the intracellular distribution of copper in liver specimens from cats. PLoS ONE 2022, 17, e0264003. [Google Scholar]
- Tang, X.; Ceng, J.; Zhou, M. A case report of feline hepatic lipidosis secondary to triaditis. Fujian J. Anim. Husb. Vet. Med. 2022, 44, 99–102. [Google Scholar]
- Zhu, P.; Liang, W. Diagnosis and treatment of feline hepatic lipidosis: A case report. Yunnan J. Anim. Sci. Vet. Med. 2022, 5, 27–29. [Google Scholar]
- Li, Y.; Chen, X.; Wang, J.; Ma, Y. Diagnosis and treatment of feline hepatic lipidosis: A case study. Gansu Anim. Husb. Vet. Med. 2023, 53, 48–53. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, Z. Correlation between Serum Biochemical Indexes Andimaging Changes in Rats And Cats with Fatty Liver. Master’s Thesis, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Ying, J. Diagnosis and Treatment of Fatty Liver in Cats. Master’s Thesis, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China, 2018. [Google Scholar]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Zha, M.; Zhu, S.; Chen, Y. Probiotics and Cat Health: A Review of Progress and Prospects. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 1080. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12061080
Zha M, Zhu S, Chen Y. Probiotics and Cat Health: A Review of Progress and Prospects. Microorganisms. 2024; 12(6):1080. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12061080
Chicago/Turabian StyleZha, Musu, Shimin Zhu, and Yongfu Chen. 2024. "Probiotics and Cat Health: A Review of Progress and Prospects" Microorganisms 12, no. 6: 1080. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12061080
APA StyleZha, M., Zhu, S., & Chen, Y. (2024). Probiotics and Cat Health: A Review of Progress and Prospects. Microorganisms, 12(6), 1080. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12061080