You are currently viewing a new version of our website. To view the old version click .
MDPIMDPI
Search all articles
Social Sciences
Download PDF
  • Review
  • Open Access

22 February 2023

Lifestyle Habits in Elementary and High School Education Students: A Systematic Review

,
,
,
,
and
Department of Didactics Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, Faculty of Education Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Soc. Sci.2023, 12(3), 113;https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12030113
This article belongs to the Topic Education and Learning in the Context of the New Normal: Sustainable Development and the Path to Sustainability
Version Notes
Order Reprints

Abstract

Currently, there is concern about following an active and healthy lifestyle in the adolescent population. This is why the present research aims to conduct a systematic review covering the period 2017–2022 in order to analyse the levels of physical activity and adherence to the Mediterranean diet in the adolescent population. A search of the scientific literature was carried out in the Web of Sciences and Scopus databases during the month of December 2022. The search was carried out in the main collection of the database, limiting the time range to the last five years (2017–2022). The following structure was used to carry out the research search: “Physical Activit*” and “Mediterranean Diet” and “Adolescents”. In conclusion, it has been noted that the practice of any sport shows numerous benefits in anthropometric, respiratory, and physical factors. In addition, increased physical activity time is positively associated with increased adherence to the Mediterranean Diet, which has numerous academic, physical, and psychological health benefits.

1. Introduction

Adolescence is a period of human development between childhood and adulthood in which a large number of physical and psychological changes occur, which will mark people’s adult lives (Melguizo-Ibáñez et al. 2021). It is characterised as beginning between the ages of 11–12 years and concluding between the ages of 18–20 years (Palmer et al. 2022) with the most notable changes being growth spurts, maturation of primary sexual characteristics (reproductive-related), and the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics (non-reproductive signs of maturation) (Palmer et al. 2022).
During this stage, young people are susceptible to influence as their personalities are still developing and therefore not yet established (Slobodskaya 2021), allowing the acquisition of behaviours that are harmful to their physical and mental health, which can lead to problems in later stages of personal development (Melguizo-Ibáñez et al. 2020). In this case, the research carried out by Sanz-Martín et al. (2022) concluded that during adolescence there is a decrease in physical exercise times, with these results being greater in females than in males (Gentil-Adarve et al. 2019). These low levels of physical activity can lead to the development of various cardiovascular diseases (San Román-Mata et al. 2020) and a decrease in life expectancy (González-Valero et al. 2017a).
The concept of physical activity has been defined by various authors; however, the most complete definition is that proposed by González-Jurado (2004), who states that it is a “bodily movement of any type produced by muscular contraction and which causes a substantial increase in energy expenditure in the person” (p. 75). On the other hand, a more current definition is that proposed by the World Health Organization (2020), which states that physical activity is “any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that involves the expenditure of energy”. The regular practice of physical activity has been shown to bring numerous benefits to people’s physical and mental health (González-Valero et al. 2022). The practice of any type of physical activity helps to prevent cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, mental illness, osteoporosis, and cancer (Muros et al. 2017). With regard to the mental sphere, it is observed that regular physical activity has a positive impact on the improvement of self-concept (Hernández-Martínez et al. 2022), self-esteem (Pereiro-Pérez et al. 2021), and academic performance (Donnelly et al. 2016). In this case, it has been observed that during adolescence there is a decrease in physical activity times (Melguizo-Ibáñez et al. 2022a). This is mainly due to the fact that adolescents opt for more sedentary activities (Melguizo-Ibáñez et al. 2022b). In this case, the World Health Organization (2020) states that performing more than 300 min of aerobic physical activity at a moderate intensity or performing more than 150 min of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity has additional health benefits.
Likewise, adherence to a healthy dietary pattern is particularly important for a healthy lifestyle, as positive adherence to it can have a positive impact on people’s health (Muros et al. 2017), with the Mediterranean diet being a healthy dietary pattern. There is no specific definition of this dietary pattern, but it is true that it is characterised by a lower consumption of saturated fats and a higher intake of monounsaturated fatty acids (Becerra-Tomas et al. 2020; Estruch et al. 2018). Likewise, the foods that characterise the Mediterranean diet are whole grains, olive oil, bread and its derivatives, milk derivatives such as cheese and yoghurt, fruit, vegetables and nuts, among others (Martínez-González et al. 2019), as well as a higher consumption of oily fish to the detriment of red meat (Ubago-Jiménez et al. 2020). In this case, food intake is characterised by Martínez-González et al. (2019).
It is characterised as a macronutrient intake, with 30–35% fat, 53–58% carbohydrates, and 10–12% protein.
It is also characterised by a fat quality such that 7–10% are saturated fatty acids, 15–20% are monounsaturated fatty acids, and 6–8% are polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Positive adherence to the Mediterranean diet offers health benefits for individuals such as reduced waist circumference, appropriate body fat percentage, and increased life expectancy (Muros et al. 2017), as well as reduced likelihood of cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, and different types of cancer (Ubago-Jiménez et al. 2020). Following this type of diet not only has a positive influence on people’s health but is also beneficial in other areas such as controlling emotions and channelling disruptive states (Ferrer-Cascales et al. 2019), as well as notable improvements in different areas of self-concept (Muros et al. 2017; Zurita-Ortega et al. 2018).
Despite the various benefits observed, Zurita-Ortega et al. (2018) state that a detachment from a healthy dietary pattern takes place during adolescence. During this stage, young people begin to have greater control over their dietary pattern, so that their poor knowledge of nutrition increases their intake of foods rich in processed fats (Melguizo-Ibáñez et al. 2020) In addition, limited cooking time leads to increased consumption of convenience foods (Zurita-Ortega et al. 2018).
In view of the above, the adolescent population is at a crucial moment for the acquisition of active and healthy lifestyles, therefore the following research questions are proposed below: (a) Are the levels of physical activity practice adequate in the adolescent population? (b) Are there any studies that have addressed the problem of the study? (c) Is the problem addressed in this research growing? Finally, the present study aims to conduct a systematic review covering the period 2017–2022 in order to analyse the levels of physical activity and adherence to the Mediterranean diet in the adolescent population.

2. Materials and Methods

After having carried out a contextualisation of the physical, sporting, and health problems in adolescents, we proceeded to carry out a systematic review of the literature. The process carried out to select the articles was based on the PRISMA statement (Moher et al. 2014) in order to be able to establish a correct state of the art and evolution of scientific production.

2.1. Procedure and Search Strategies

A search of the scientific literature was carried out in the Web of Sciences and Scopus database during the month of December 2022. In this case, the main search bases were Web of Science and Scopus. Pubmed was used as a supporting element.
For the Web of Science search, it was carried out in the main collection of the database, limiting the time range to the last five years (2017–2022). The time period was limited to five years, as it was intended to study these variables over the last five years (2017–2022). This was done in order to make the study as recent as possible. The following search terms were used in the search engines: “Physical Activit*” and “Mediterranean Diet” and “Adolescents”. In this case, a total of 266 enquiries were obtained. Subsequently, the search was refined by document type, selecting only the “article” category, reducing the number of research papers to a total of 246 articles. Finally, the following research areas were taken into account: “Education Educational Research”, “Public Environmental Occupational Health”, “Psychology Educational” and “Sport Sciences”, reducing the sample to a total of 58 articles.
In order to make this study more rigid, the Scopus database was also used. In this case, the time period was limited to the period from 2017 to 2022. The search terms “Physical Activit*” and “Mediterranean Diet” and “Adolescents” were also entered, yielding a total of 322 investigations. Next, the search was refined according to the type of research, selecting only the “article”, and obtaining a total of 307 results. Finally, the search was further refined by selecting only the research areas of “Social Sciences” and “Psychology”, reducing the sample to 17 results.
To establish the final sample of research that made up the body of the study, the following inclusion criteria were narrowed down:
Articles written in Spanish or English and which have undergone a peer review process.
Scientific studies that included the words physical activity, Mediterranean diet, and adolescents in the title, keywords, or abstract.
Study populations focused on primary or high school education stage.
Publications presenting a cross-sectional and/or longitudinal methodological design.
Research that has used validated and reliable instruments for data collection.
Studies showing significant results together with conclusions that would allow an analysis of the problem to be carried out.
In order to apply the inclusion criteria, a reading of the abstract and title of the article was carried out. The full text was then read in order to apply the inclusion criteria described above. Following the above, the final study sample consisted of a total of 20 articles (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Flow chart of the base body of valid studies for qualitative synthesis.

2.2. Extraction of Data and Description of Selected Items

The data extraction procedure was extracted according to the units of analysis and following the coding shown below: (1) authors; (2) year of publication; (3) journal; (4) research participants; (5) methodological design; (6) study; (7) objective; (8) study variables; (9) instruments used; and (10) results.
The present research was coded by two experts in the field in order to verify the degree of coding and inter-rater reliability in the selection and extraction of data (González-Valero et al. 2019). In this case, the classification level of the different selected research was 89%, obtained by dividing the total number of coincidences by the total number of defined categories of each article, and multiplying the final result by one hundred. The main characteristics of the articles that form the body of the systematic review were then recorded in Table 1.
Table 1. Main characteristics of the sample that makes up the study.

3. Results

Figure 2 shows the evolution of scientific production on the subject of this review study. In this case it is observed that the highest number of investigations are hosted in the year 2020 (n = 19). With regard to the scientific production in this area, an evolution of the production in this area is shown up to 2020. From that year onwards, there is a decrease in scientific production until the year 2022. In terms of the databases consulted, it can be seen that the one with the most research on this subject is the Web of Science.
Figure 2. Evolution of scientific output of total articles and selected articles.
Figure 3 shows the distribution of the selected articles according to educational stage. In this case, it can be seen that most of the studies are carried out in the primary education population (n = 9). Next, it can be seen that the research that deals with this subject is carried out at the secondary education stage (n = 6). Subsequently, it is evident that only a total of 5 research studies are carried out in primary and secondary education.
Figure 3. Distribution of the population where the selected studies are being carried out.
In terms of the origin of the research that makes up this study sample (Table 2), it can be seen that the vast majority of the research comes from Europe (n = 19), while only one research study is from the Asian continent (n = 1). It is noted that there is no research of American and African origin.
Table 2. Origin of the studies in the sample.
Table 3 lists the objectives, variables, data collection instruments, and conclusions obtained in the different investigations. Most of the research studied the variables of physical activity, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, sedentary behaviours, and academic performance. For the collection of data related to the aforementioned variables, questionnaires validated by the scientific community were used for the most part.
Table 3. Objectives, variables, instruments, and conclusions obtained from the various research studies selected.
The main results show that optimal adherence to the Mediterranean diet and an active lifestyle has a positive impact on various psychosocial, anthropometric, and mental aspects of individuals. It is also noted that most research reports low levels of physical activity along with poor adherence to the Mediterranean diet, showing high levels of screen time. In addition, factors such as the gender of the participants, the stage of development, and the socio-economic status of the families are found to have an impact on whether they lead an active and healthy lifestyle.

4. Discussion

In this research, a systematic review was carried out during the 2017–2022 time period in order to analyse the levels of physical activity and adherence to the Mediterranean diet in the adolescent population. Studies of a similar nature to the present one have been carried out (Malakou et al. 2018), however, the peculiarity of the present research lies in offering a current perspective on the state of the question addressed.
In this case, it has been observed that adolescents have a high prevalence of highly sedentary activities, which are related to high levels of screen time. This statement is corroborated by Sánchez-Miguel et al. (2022) who state that technological development has had a negative influence on active lifestyles, with young people choosing to spend more time on these activities. The socio-economic level of families is also a factor in the promotion of sedentary activities. Research carried out by Kotova et al. (2022) states that families with parents who have a higher socio-economic status are aware of the various psychological and physical benefits of physical sports practice.
An inactive lifestyle has a negative impact on a person’s health. Research by Mastorci et al. (2021) establishes that young people who lead a sedentary lifestyle have higher levels of those who are overweight and obese than those who are physically active. In addition, physical inactivity has also been found to act negatively on respiratory capacity and muscle strength (Manzano-Carrasco et al. 2020b), leading to higher blood glucose and cholesterol levels. Elevated low-density lipoproteins can cause chest pain, cardiovascular accidents, and heart attacks (George et al. 2021), while elevated blood glucose levels can cause fatigue, headache, and blurred vision, among other effects (George et al. 2021). Research by González-Valero et al. (2017b) states that the main reason for increased blood cholesterol levels is a sedentary and unhealthy lifestyle, as Mastorci et al. (2021) state that regular physical activity and healthy food intake have numerous health benefits.
In the adolescent population, an increase in sedentary lifestyles coupled with low adherence to a healthy dietary pattern has been reported to increase the number of obese young people in Western societies. The study carried out by Tapia-Serrano et al. (2022)] together with González-Valero et al. (2017b) establish that this occurs due to scarce nutritional education together with the lack of presence in the curriculum aimed at the nutritional education of young adolescents. Furthermore, an increase in the consumption of harmful substances, including alcohol and tobacco, has also been observed (Melguizo-Ibáñez et al. 2022a). In view of these findings, Moral-García et al. (2020) establish that the beginning of the process of consuming alcoholic beverages and tobacco originates in adolescence, due to the positive repercussions that the consumption of these substances has on the social self-concept. Despite having a positive impact on the social area of young people, Melguizo-Ibáñez et al. (2022a) state that in the long term, the consumption of alcoholic beverages together with tobacco worsens people’s health and can lead to cirrhosis and the appearance of different types of cancer.
In order to raise awareness among adolescents about the different dangers that the consumption of harmful substances can have on their health in the long term, González-Valero et al. (2017b) establish that the educational area plays a fundamental role in raising public awareness. To this end, the area of physical education plays a fundamental role, as longitudinal research carried out by Moral-García et al. (2020) and Hayek et al. (2021) affirms that this curricular area offers sufficient reliability for citizenship education in the physical health perspective.
It has been shown that the subject of physical education has a multidisciplinary vision (Jones et al. 2022). In this case, the study carried out by Jones et al. (2022) affirms that through the use of active methodologies, adolescents can be educated from a holistic perspective. In this case, the experience carried out by Acebes-Sánchez and Ros-Bernal (2022) concluded that through the subject of physical education, the learning of other subjects can be carried out, leading to the improvement of the physical condition of young people. Although this research offers a current perspective on the subject, it has a number of limitations, which are described below.
The study has been carried out over the last five years, leaving aside a wider time span. In this case it would be interesting to include a wider time range to study the number of publications carried out in the two databases consulted. It would also be interesting to include a new socio-demographic variable to study how these variables affect the physical health environment.
With regard to future perspectives, the present review serves to contextualise a research topic, which will be developed and completed through cross-sectional descriptive studies and an intervention programme aimed at the adolescent population. It would also be interesting to conduct a systematic review to study the effects of COVID-19 on the physical health profile in elementary and high school students.

5. Conclusions

The present research highlights the situation of the current scientific literature on the physical health issue in young people.
With regard to the evolution of scientific production in the subject area addressed, a decreasing trend can be observed, with the highest level of production being reached in the year 2020.
In this case, it has been shown that a sedentary lifestyle has numerous academic and health-related detriments. It has been shown that practising any sport has numerous benefits in terms of anthropometric, respiratory, and physical factors, with the stage of development at which young people find themselves playing a key role. Another factor in encouraging the practice of sport is the family, showing that families with a higher socio-economic level show a greater awareness of the health effects of regular physical activity together with adherence to a healthy dietary pattern on the health of young people.
The current situation shows that, among the adolescent population, there is evidence of a decline in the quality of lunch and snacks during weekends and non-working days. Following such behaviours can lead to various health problems such as obesity, hypertriglyceridaemia, and insulin resistance. In addition, increased physical activity time is positively associated with increased adherence to the Mediterranean diet, which has numerous academic, physical, and psychological health benefits.
Finally, the different interventions carried out in the academic field show that the subject of physical education helps directly to combat sedentary behaviour and improve adherence to the Mediterranean diet through the cross-cutting nature of the subject.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, E.M.-I.; P.P.-M., and G.G.-V.; methodology, E.M.-I., and J.M.A.-V.; software, F.Z.-O.; validation, E.M.-I., and J.L.U.-J.; formal analysis, E.M.-I.; P.P.-M., and G.G.-V.; investigation, J.M.A.-V.; resources, J.M.A.-V.; data curation, F.Z.-O.; writing—original draft preparation, E.M.-I.; P.P.-M., and G.G.-V.; writing—review and editing, E.M.-I.; J.L.U.-J., and G.G.-V.; visualization, E.M.-I.; supervision, G.G.-V., and J.L.U.-J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Granada; the approval date is 27 September 2022.

Data Availability Statement

The data used to support the findings of the current study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Acebes-Sánchez, Jorge, and Ignacio Ros-Bernal. 2022. Gamificación y valores: Una propuesta transversal motivadora en Educación Física. Retos 43: 336–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Alfonso-Rosa, Rosa María, Francisco Álvarez-Barbosa, and Jesús del Pozo-Cruz. 2018. Mediterranean diet, academic performance and physical activity level in scholars. SPORTIS-Scientific Technical Journal of School Sports Physical Education and Psychomotricity 4: 256–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Badicu, Georgian, Ramón Chacón-Cuberos, Félix Zurita-Ortega, Manuel Castro-Sánchez, and Lorant Balint. 2019. Mediterranean Diet and physical activity in Romanian and Spanish university students—A comparative study. Physical Education of Students 23: 172–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Becerra-Tomas, Nerea, Sonia Blanco Mejia, Effie Viguiliouk, Tauseef Khan, Cyril W. C. Kendall, Hana Kahleova, Dario Rahelic, Jhon L. Sievenpiper, and Jordi Salas-Salvado. 2020. Mediterranean diet, cardiovascular disease and mortality in diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysisof prospective cohort studies and randomized clinical trials. Critical Reviews in FoodScience and Nutrition 60: 1207–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Donnelly, Joseph E., Charles H. Hillman, Darla Castelli, Jennifer L. Etnier, Sarah Lee, Phillip Tomporowski, Kate Lambourne, and Amanda N. Szabo-Reed. 2016. Physical Activity, Fitness, Cognitive Function, and Academic Achievement in Children: A Systematic Review. Medicine & Science in Sport & Exercise 48: 1197–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Esposito, Francesco, Francesco Sanmarchi, Sofia Marini, Alice Masini, Susan Scrimaglia, Emanuele Adorno, Giorgia Solda, Fabrizio Arrichelo, Emilia Guberti, Domenico Tiso, and et al. 2022. Weekday and Weekend Differences in Eating Habits, Physical Activity and Screen Time Behavior among a Sample of Primary School Children: The “Seven Days for My Health” Project. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19: 4215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Estruch, Ramón, Emilio Ros, Jordi Salas-Salvado, Maria Isabel Covas, Dolores Corella, Fernando Aros, Enrique Gómez-Gracia, Valentina Ruiz-Gutiérrez, Miquel Fiol, José Lapetra, and et al. 2018. Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented with Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Or Nuts. New England Journal of Medicine 378: e34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Evaristo, Olga Sofía, Carka Moreira, Luís Lopes, Sandra Abreu, César Agostinis-Sobrinho, José Oliveira-Santos, Susana Povoas, André Oliveira, Rute Santos, and Jorge Mota. 2018. Associations between physical fitness and adherence to the Mediterranean diet with health-related quality of life in adolescents: Results from the LabMed Physical Activity Study. European Journal of Public Health 28: 631–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Ferrer-Cascales, Rosa, Natalia Albaladejo-Blázquez, Nicolás Ruiz-Robledillo, Violeta Clement-Carbonell, Miriam Sánchez-San Segundo, and Ana Zaragoza-Martí. 2019. Higher Adherence to theMediterranean Diet Is Related to More Subjective Happiness in Adolescents: The Roleof Health-Related Quality of Life. Nutrients 11: 698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Galán-López, Pablo, Francis Ries, Thordis Gisladottir, Raúl Domínguez, and Antonio J. Sánchez-Oliver. 2019. Healthy Lifestyle: Relationship between Mediterranean Diet, Body Composition and Physical Fitness in 13 to 16-Years Old Icelandic Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15: 2632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. García-Merino, Sonia, Rosa-María Rodríguez-Jiménez, Álvaro Bustamante-Sánchez, and Silvia Burgos-Postigo. 2022. Diferencias nutricionales y de condición física en niños y adolescentes de contextos socioeconómicos diferenciados (Nutritional and physical fitness differences in children and adolescents from diverse socio-economic backgrounds). Retos 44: 560–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Gentil-Adarve, Manuel, Félix Zurita-Ortega, Víctor Gómez-Sánchez, Rosario Padial-Ruz, and Amador Jesús Lara-Sánchez. 2019. Influencia de la práctica de actividad física en el autoconcepto de adolescentes. Retos 36: 342–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. George, Elena S., Stavroula Gavrili, Catherine Itsiopoulos, Yannis Manios, and George Moschonis. 2021. Poor adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with increased likelihood of metabolic syndrome components in children: The Healthy Growth Study. Public Health Nutrition 24: 2823–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. González-Jurado, José Antonio. 2004. La Actividad Física Orientada a la Promoción de la Salud. Escuela Abierta: Revista de Investigación Educativa 7: 73–96. [Google Scholar]
  15. González-Valero, Gabriel, Carlos David Gómez-Carmona, Alejandro Bastida-Castillo, Juan Antonio Corral-Pernía, Félix Zurita-Ortega, and Eduardo Melguizo-Ibáñez. 2022. Could the complying with WHO physical activity recommendations improve stress, burnout syndrome, and resilience? A cross-sectional study with physical education teachers. Sport Sciences for Health, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. González-Valero, Gabriel, Félix Zurita-Ortega, and Asunción Martínez-Martínez. 2017a. Panorama motivacional y de actividad física en estudiantes: Una revisión sistemática. ESHPA-Education, Sport, Health and Physical Activity 1: 41–58. [Google Scholar]
  17. González-Valero, Gabriel, Félix Zurita-Ortega, Pilar Puertas-Molero, Ramón Chacón-Cuberos, Tamara Espejo-Garcés, and M. Castro-Sánchez. 2017b. Education for health: Implementation of the program “Sportfruits” in schools of Granada. SPORT TK-Revista Euroamericana de Ciencias del Deporte 6: 137–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. González-Valero, Gabriel, Félix Zurita-Ortega, José Luis Ubago-Jiménez, and Pilar Puertas-Molero. 2019. Use of Meditation and Cognitive Behavioral Therapies for the Treatment of Stress, Depression and Anxiety in Students. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16: 4394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Hayek, Joyce, Hein de Vries, Maya Tueni, Nathalie Lahoud, Bjorn Winkens, and Francine Scheneider. 2021. Increased Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Higher Efficacy Beliefs Are Associated with Better Academic Achievement: A Longitudinal Study of High School Adolescents in Lebanon. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18: 6928. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Hernández-Martínez, Andrea, Yolanda Sánchez-Matas, and Celia María Nieto. 2022. Self-concept and Physical Activity in 6th grade Primary School Students. Retos-Nuevas Tendencias en Educación Física Deporte y Recreación 47: 61–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Jiménez-Boraita, Raúl, Esther Gargallo-Ibort, Josep María Dalmau-Torres, and Daniel Arriscado-Alsina. 2020. Gender Differences Relating to Lifestyle Habits and Health-Related Quality of Life of Adolescents. Child Indicators Research 13: 1937. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Jones, Jennifer, Sheyla Müller-Pérez, and Fernando Barraza-Gómez. 2022. Efecto de la asignatura de educación física en la percepción de los estudiantes frente al desarrollo de competencias genéricas. Retos 44: 496–503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Kotova, Marina B., Sergey A. Maksimov, and Oksana M. Drapkina. 2022. Gender, Age, Family and Territorial Features of Dietary and Physical Activity Patterns in Russian Youths. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19: 5779. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. López-Gil, José Francisco, Antonio García-Hermoso, Javier Brazo-Savayera, Pedro Juan Tárraga-López, and Juan Luís Yuste-Lucas. 2021. Cardiorespiratory Fitness as Mediator of the Relationship of Recreational Screen Time on Mediterranean Diet Score in Schoolchildren. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18: 4490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Malakou, Evangelia, Manolis Linardakis, Miranda Elaine Glynis Armstrong, Dimitra Zannidi, Charlie Foster, Laura Johnson, and Angeliki Papadaki. 2018. The Combined Effect of Promoting the Mediterranean Diet and Physical Activity on Metabolic Risk Factors in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Nutrients 10: 1577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Manzano-Carrasco, Samuel, José Luis Felipe, Javier Sánchez-Sánchez, Antonio Hernández-Martín, Iván Clavel, Leonor Gallardo, and Jorge García-Unanue. 2020a. Relationship between Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Body Composition with Physical Fitness Parameters in a Young Active Population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17: 3337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Manzano-Carrasco, Samuel, José Luis Felipe, Javier Sánchez-Sánchez, Antonio Hernández-Martín, Leonor Gallardo, and Jorge García Unanue. 2020b. Physical Fitness, Body Composition, and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Young Football Players: Influence of the 20 mSRT Score and Maturational Stage. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17: 3257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Martínez-González, Miguel Ángel, Alfredo Gea, and Miguel Canela. 2019. The Mediterranean Diet and Cardiovascular Health A Critical Review. Circulation Research 124: 779–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Mastorci, Francesca, Cristina Doveri, Gabriele Trivellini, Anselmo Casu, Luca Bastiani, Alessandro Pingitore, and Cristina Vassalle. 2021. Sex Differences in Body Mass Index, Mediterranean Diet Adherence, and Physical Activity Level among Italian Adolescents. Health Behavior and Policy Review 7: 596–603. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Melguizo-Ibáñez, Eduardo, Félix Zurita-Ortega, Gabriel González-Valero, Pilar Puertas-Molero, Georgina Badicu, Gianpiero Greco, Stefania Cataldi, and Francesco Fischetti. 2022a. Alcohol, Tobacco and Cannabis Consumption on Physical Activity and Physical and Social Self-Concept in Secondary School Students: An Explanatory Model Regarding Gender. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Healthm 19: 16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Melguizo-Ibáñez, Eduardo, Félix Zurita-Ortega, José Luis Ubago-Jiménez, and Gabriel González-Valero. 2020. Niveles de adherencia a la dieta mediterránea e inteligencia emocional en estudiantes del tercer ciclo de educación primaria de la provincia de Granada. Retos 40: 264–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Melguizo-Ibáñez, Eduardo, Félix Zurita-Ortega, José Luis Ubago-Jiménez, Carlos Javier López-Gutiérrez, and Gabriel González-Valero. 2022. An explanatory model of the relationships between sport motivation, anxiety and physical and social self-concept in educational sciences students. Current Psychology, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Melguizo-Ibáñez, Eduardo, Félix Zurita-Ortega, José Luis Ubago-Jiménez, Gabriel González-Valero, Rafael Caracuel-Cáliz, and Pilar Puertas-Molero. 2021. Inteligencia emocional y adherencia a la dieta mediterránea. Un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales en adolescentes de educación primaria de la provincia de Granada. Revista de Psicología del Deporte 30: 69–77. [Google Scholar]
  34. Melguizo-Ibáñez, Eduardo, Gabriel González-Valero, Georgian Badicu, Ana Filipa-Silva, Filipe Manuel Clemente, Hugo Sarmento, Félix Zurita-Ortega, and José Luis Ubago-Jiménez. 2022c. Mediterranean Diet Adherence, Body Mass Index and Emotional Intelligence in Primary Education Students—An Explanatory Model as a Function of Weekly Physical Activity. Children 9: 872. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Moher, David, Alessandro Liberati, Jennifer Tetzlaff, Douglas G. Altman, and The PRISMA Group. 2014. Ítems de referencia para publicar Revisiones Sistemáticas y Metaanálisis: La Declaración PRISMA. Revista Española De Nutrición Humana Y Dietética 18: 172–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Moral-García, José Enrique, Antonio. David Agraso-López, Antonio Jesús Ramos-Morcillo, Alfredo Jiménez, and Alfredo Jiménez-Eguizabal. 2020. The Influence of Physical Activity, Diet, Weight Status and Substance Abuse on Students’ Self-Perceived Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17: 1387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Muros, José Joaquín, Cristian Cofre-Bolados, Daniel Arriscado, Félix Zurita, and Emily Knox. 2017. Mediterranean diet adherence is associated with lifestyle, physical fitness and mental wellness among 10-y-old in Chile. Nutrition 35: 87–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Palmer, Ashley N., Mansi Patel, Sarah C. Narendof, Shellye Sledge, and Katherine Sánchez. 2022. Changes in flourishing from adolescence to young adulthood: An 8-year follow-up. Child & Family Social Work 28: 194–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Peláez-Barrios, Eva María, Mercedes Vernetta-Santana, and Jesús López-Bedoya. 2018. Relationship between mediterranean diet, physical activity and body mass index in adolescent of high school of two villages in Granada. SPORT TK-Revista Euroamericana de Ciencias del Deporte 7: 43–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Pereiro-Pérez, Rosana, Marc Domenech, Ana Esplugues, Susana Castán Cameo, Francisco Rabanaque, Reyes Raga, Daniel Revert, Elena Sánchez, and Enrique Puertas Sanz. 2021. Physical activity prescription from primary care: Impact on self steem and quality of life. European Journal of Public Health 30: 684. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. San Román-Mata, Silvia, Pilar Puertas-Molero, José Luis Ubago-Jiménez, and Gabriel González-Valero. 2020. Benefits of Physical Activity and Its Associations with Resilience, Emotional Intelligence, and Psychological Distress in University Students from Southern Spain. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17: 4474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Sánchez-Miguel, Pedro Antonio, Javier Sevil-Serrano, David Sánchez-Oliva, and Miguel Ángel Tapia-Serrano. 2022. School and non-school day screen time profiles and their differences in health and educational indicators in adolescents. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sport 32: 1668–1681. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Sanz-Martín, Daniel, Eduardo Melguizo-Ibáñez, Germán Ruiz-Tendero, Félix Zurita-Ortega, and José Luis Ubago-Jiménez. 2022. Physical Activity, Energy Expenditure, Screen Time and Social Support in Spanish Adolescents—Towards an Explanatory Model about Health Risk Factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19: 10222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Slobodskaya, Helena R. 2021. Personality development from early childhood through adolescence. Personality and Individual Differences 172: 110596. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Tapia-Serrano, Miguel. Ángel, Javier Sevil-Serrano, David Sánchez-Oliva, Mikel Vaquero-Solís, and Pedro Antonio Sánchez-Miguel. 2022. Effects of a school-based intervention on physical activity, sleep duration, screen time, and diet in children. Revista de Psicodidáctica 27: 56–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Ubago-Jiménez, José Luis, Félix Zurita-Ortega, Silvia San Román-Mata, Pilar Puertas-Molero, and Gabriel González-Valero. 2020. Impact of Physical Activity Practice and Adherence totheMediterranean Diet in Relation to Multiple Intelligences among University Students. Nutrients 12: 2630. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. World Health Organization. 2020. Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour for Children and Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults. Geneva: World Health Organization. [Google Scholar]
  48. Zurita-Ortega, Félix, Silvia. San Román-Mata, Ramón Chacón-Cuberos, Manuel Castro-Sánchez, and José Joaquin Muros. 2018. Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet Is Associated with Physical Activity, Self-Concept and Sociodemographic Factors in University Student. Nutrients 10: 966. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Article Metrics

Citations

Article Access Statistics

Journal Statistics
Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view.
Download PDF
Shuffling Softly, Sighing Deeply: A Digital Inquiry into Representations of Older Men and Women in Literature for Different Ages
Previous
Computational Techniques for Analyzing Women’s Social Change in Saudi Newspapers
Next