Influence of Arc Brazing Parameters on Microstructure and Joint Properties of Electro-Galvanized Steel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Procedures
2.1. Materials
2.2. Arc Brazing Process
2.3. Sample Preparation and Analysis
2.4. Mechanical Properties of Joint
2.4.1. Microhardness
2.4.2. Tensile Shear Test
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Bead Characteristics
3.2. Bead Width
3.3. Penetration Depth and Width
3.4. Microstructural Analysis of Joint
3.5. Joint Mechanical Properties
3.5.1. Microhardness
3.5.2. Joint Tensile Shear
3.5.3. Strengthening Mechanism of Weld Joints
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Lee, T.G.; Lee, H.D.; Lee, J.K. Development of the elastic modulus of 100 GPa casting alloys by nickel addition. Korean J. Met. Mater. 2017, 55, 845–852. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, J.I.; Jin, S.W.; Jung, J.; Sung, H.M.; Jeong, H.J.; Park, S.; Park, J.W.; Han, H.N. Growth behavior of intermetallic compound in dissimilar Al-Cu joints under direct current. Korean J. Met. Mater. 2017, 55, 372–378. [Google Scholar]
- Hong, M.S.; Park, I.J.; Kim, J.G. Alloying effect of copper concentration on the localized corrosion of aluminum alloy for heat exchanger tube. Met. Mater. Int. 2017, 23, 708–714. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsao, L.C.; Weng, W.P.; Cheng, M.D.; Tsao, C.W.; Chuang, T.H. Brazeability of a 3003 Aluminum alloy with Al-Si-Cu-based filler metals. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 2002, 11, 360–364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mucha, J.; Kascak, L.; Spisak, E. Joining the car-body sheets using clinching process with various thickness and mechanical property arrangements. Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng. 2011, 11, 135–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Katundi, D.; Tosun-Bayraktar, A.; Bayraktar, E.; Toueix, D. Corrosion behavior of the welded steel sheets used in automotive industry. JAMME 2010, 38, 146–153. [Google Scholar]
- Gullino, A.; Matteis, P.; D’Aiuto, F. Review of aluminum-To-steel welding technologies for car-body applications. Metals 2019, 9, 315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sharma, A.; Roh, M.H.; Jung, D.H.; Jung, J.P. Effect of ZrO2 nanoparticles on the … Al brazing applications. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 2016, 47, 510–521. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sierra, G.; Peyre, P.; Beaume, F.D.; Stuart, D.; Fras, G. Galvanised steel to aluminium joining by laser and GTAW processes. Mater. Charact. 2008, 59, 1705–1715. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qin, G.; Su, Y.; Meng, X.; Fu, B. Numerical simulation on MIG arc brazing-fusion welding of aluminum alloy to galvanized steel plate. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2015, 78, 1917–1925. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Monika; Chauhan, J. A review paper on gas metal arc welding (GMAW) of mild steel 1018 by using taguchi technique. IJCESR 2017, 4, 57–62. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, Y.; Park, K.; Kwak, S. A review of arc brazing process and its application in automotive applications. Int. J. Mech. Eng. Robot. Res. 2016, 5, 246–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mallick, P.K. Joining for lightweight vehicles. In Materials, Design and Manufacturing for Lightweight Vehicles; Mallick, P.K., Ed.; Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, UK, 2010; pp. 275–308. [Google Scholar]
- Sharma, A.; Lee, S.J.; Choi, D.Y.; Jung, J.P. Effect of brazing current and speed on the bead characteristics, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the arc brazed galvanized steel sheets. J. Mater. Proc. Technol. 2017, 249, 212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karadeniz, E.; Ozsarac, U.; Yildiz, C. The effect of process parameters on penetration in gas metal arc welding processes. Mater. Des. 2007, 28, 649–656. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, L.; Singh, D.; Singh, P. A review: Parametric effect on mechanical properties and weld bead geometry of aluminium alloy in GTAW. IOSR-JMCE 2013, 6, 24–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, S.L.; Kovacevic, R. Welding of galvanized dual-phase 980 steel in a gap-free lap joint configuration. Weld. Res. 2009, 88, 168s–178s. [Google Scholar]
- Kai, M.; Zhishui, Y.; Peilei, Z.; Yunlong, L.; Hua, Y.; Chonggui, L.; Xiaopeng, L. Influence of wire feeding speed on laser brazing zinc-coated steel with Cu-based filler metal. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2015, 76, 1333–1342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Funderburk, R.S. A look to heat input: Key concepts in welding engineering. In Weld. Innov; Miller, D.K., Funderburk, R.S., Eds.; The James F Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation: Cleveland, OH, USA, 1999; vol. XVI, pp. 8–11. [Google Scholar]
- Japanese Industrial Standards. JIS Z 3136 1999 Japanese Industrial Standard for Tension Shear Tests; Japanese Standards Association: Tokio, Japan, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Sharma, A.; Roh, M.H.; Jung, J.P. Effect of La2O3 nanoparticles on the brazeability, microstructure, and mechanical properties of Al-11Si-20Cu alloy. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 2016, 25, 3538–3545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sharma, A.; Lim, D.U.; Jung, J.P. Microstructure and brazeability of SiC nanoparticles reinforced Al–9Si –20Cu produced by induction melting. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2016, 32, 773–779. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Omajene, J.; Martikainen, J.; Kah, P. Effect of welding parameters on weld bead shape for welds done underwater. IJMEA 2014, 2, 128–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ghazvinloo, H.R.; Raouf, A.H.; Shadfar, N. Effect of arc voltage, welding current and welding speed on fatigue life, impact energy and bead penetration of AA6061 joints produced by robotic MIG welding. Indian J. Sci. Technol. 2010, 3, 974. [Google Scholar]
- Schmidt, M.; Otto, A.; Kläger, C. Analysis of YAG laser lap-welding of zinc coated steel sheets. CIRP Ann. 2008, 57, 213–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kimura, S.; Takemura, S.; Mizutani, M.; Katayama, S. Laser brazing phenomena of galvanized steel and pit formation mechanism. In Proceedings of the 25th International Congress on Applications of Laser & Electro Optics, Scottsdale, AZ, USA, 30 October–2 November 2006; pp. 346–354. [Google Scholar]
- Reimann, W.; Pfriem, S.; Hammer, T.; Päthe, D.; Ungers, M.; Dilger, K. Influence of different zinc coatings on laser brazing of galvanized steel. J. Mater. Proc. Technol. 2017, 239, 75–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ungers, M.; Fecker, D.; Frank, S.; Donst, D.; Märgner, V.; Abels, P.; Kaierle, S. In-situ quality monitoring during laser brazing. Phys. Procedia 2010, 5, 493–503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gordon, A.P.; Mcdowell, D.L. Numerical simulation of time-dependent fracture of graded bimaterial metallic interfaces. Int. J. Frac. 2004, 126, 321–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, R.F.; Yu, Z.S.; Qi, K.; Zhou, F.M.; Wu, M.F.; Yu, C. Growth mechanisms of interfacial compounds in arc brazed galvanised steel joints with Cu97Si3 filler. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2005, 21, 483–487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, L.Q.; Feng, X.S.; Chen, Y.B. Influence of laser energy input mode on joint interface characteristics in laser brazing with Cu-base filler metal. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 2008, 18, 1065–1070. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luo, S.B.; Wang, W.L.; Xia, Z.C.; Wei, B.B. Liquid phase separation and subsequent dendritic solidification of ternary Fe35Cu35Si30 alloy. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 2016, 26, 2762–2769. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abson, D.J.; Jonas, J.J. The Hall–Petch relation and high-temperature subgrains. Met. Sci. J. 1970, 4, 24–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krauss, G. Martensite in steel: Strength and structure. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 1999, 273, 40–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, J.G.; Enikeev, N.A.; Seol, J.B.; Abramova, M.M.; Karavaeva, M.V.; Valiev, R.Z.; Park, C.G.; Kim, H.S. Superior strength and multiple strengthening mechanisms in nanocrystalline TWIP steel. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 11200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bringas, J.E.; Lamb, S. CASTI Handbook of Stainless Steels & Nickel Alloys; CASTI Publishing INC: Edmonton, AB, Canada, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Argon, A.S.; Egon, E. Orowan, Physics of Strength and Plasticity; MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1969. [Google Scholar]
- Kelly, A. Strengthening Methods in Crystals; Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1971. [Google Scholar]
Joining Components | Fe | Cu | Si | Mn | Pb | Zn | S | P | C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Base Metal | Bal. | - | 0.25 | 0.45 | - | - | 0.046 | 0.042 | 0.18 |
Filler Metal | 0.03 | Bal. | 2.94 | 0.85 | 0.003 | 0.01 | - | - | - |
S.No. | Reaction | ∆G (kJ/mol) |
---|---|---|
1 | Fe2Si + Si → Fe5Si3 | –285.2 |
2 | Fe2Si + 3Si → 2FeSi2 | –29.42 |
3 | Fe5Si3 + 7Si → 5FeSi2 | –30.6 |
4 | Fe5Si3 + Fe → 3Fe2Si | –104.68 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Lee, S.J.; Sharma, A.; Jung, D.H.; Jung, J.P. Influence of Arc Brazing Parameters on Microstructure and Joint Properties of Electro-Galvanized Steel. Metals 2019, 9, 1006. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9091006
Lee SJ, Sharma A, Jung DH, Jung JP. Influence of Arc Brazing Parameters on Microstructure and Joint Properties of Electro-Galvanized Steel. Metals. 2019; 9(9):1006. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9091006
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Soon Jae, Ashutosh Sharma, Do Hyun Jung, and Jae Pil Jung. 2019. "Influence of Arc Brazing Parameters on Microstructure and Joint Properties of Electro-Galvanized Steel" Metals 9, no. 9: 1006. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9091006