Prediction of the Maximum Temperature for Life Based on the Stability of Metabolites to Decomposition in Water
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Literature Information
2.2. Exclusion Criteria
2.3. Kinetic Analysis
2.4. Limits of Temperature Explored
3. Results
3.1. Illustration of the Method: Fructose and Xylose
3.2. Definition of Stability
Category | Code | Specific Metabolites Analysed in This Study | Half-Life | References for Half-Life | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Long | Short | ||||
Amino acids | A | Alanine, Alpha-amino butyrate, Asparagine, Aspartate, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine | 200 | 20 | [56,57,58,59] |
Sugars | S | Arabinose, Cellulobiose, Fructose, Galactose, Glucose, Isomaltose, Lactose, Lyxose, Maltose, Mannose, Melibiose, Palatinose, Ribose, Sucrose, Trehalose, Turanose, Xylose | 600 | 60 | [60] |
Sugar derivatives | D | Glucosamine, N-acetyl glucosamine, | (a) | (a) | |
Lipids | L | Long chain triglycerides, Phosphatidyl choline | 500 | 5000 | [61,62] |
Nucleotides and their components | N | Adenine, Adenosine, Adenosine, Cytidine, Cytosine, Deoxyadenosine, Guanine, Thymidine, Uracil | 100 | 10 | [15] |
Glycolytic intermediates | G | Dihydroxyacetone, Glyceraldehyde, Fructose-1,6-diphosphate, Pyruvate | 10 | 1 | [63,6465] |
Tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates | T | Fumarate, Oxaloacetate | 10 | 1 | [60,63] |
Other intermediary metabolism components | I | 2-Dimethylaminoethanethiol Propionate (thioester analogue), Carbamoyl phosphate, Formic acid, Hypoxanthine, Malonate, Mandelic Acid, Orotic acid, Urea, Xanthine | (b) | (b) | |
Energy carriers | E | AMP, ATP | 30 | 3 | [60,66] |
Other carrier molecules | C | Coenzyme A, NADH | 500 (c) | 50 (c) | [67] |
3.3. Summary of Results
Metabolite | Short Half-Life Vulnerable? | Category |
---|---|---|
2-Dimethylaminoethanethiol Propionate (thio-ester analogue) | √ | Labile |
Asparagine | - | Labile |
ATP | - | Labile |
Carbamoyl phosphate | √ | Labile |
Deoxyadenosine | - | Labile |
Glyceraldehyle | √ | Uncertain |
Histidine | - | Uncertain |
Long-chain triglycerides | √ | Uncertain |
Lyxose | √ | Uncertain |
NADH | √ | Labile |
Oxaloacetate | √ | Uncertain |
Palatinose | √ | Uncertain |
Sucrose | √ | Uncertain |
Xylose | √ | Uncertain |
4. Discussion
4.1. Pressure Effects
4.2. Limitations of This Study
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Appendix
Compound | Metabolite Group Code | Degradation References | Combined Data | Degradation Notes | Metabolic Half-Life | Ref for Half-Life | Stability Confidence Curve | T(p = 0.5) – long | T(p = 0.5) – short |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2-Dimethylaminoethanethiol Propionate (thio-ester analogue) | I | [99] | Included as an analogue of Thioesters | 345.7 | 384.7 | ||||
Adenine | N | [100] | 586 | 668.8 | |||||
Adenosine | N | [101,102] | Includes deamination and cleavage of glycosidiv bond | 482.9 | 513.9 | ||||
Alanine | A | [103,104,105,106] | 20 | [56] | 568.4 | 597.8 | |||
Alpha-amino butyrate | A | [105] | 586.7 | 620 | |||||
AMP | E | [101] | 120 | [60] | 440.7 | 475.7 | |||
Arabinose | S | [49] | Marginal data quality, analysed anyway. | 480.6 | 528.5 | ||||
Asparagine (Side-chain) | A | [107] | 385.4 | 419.8 | |||||
Aspartate | A | [106,108,109] | 150 | [56] | 499.3 | 542.4 | |||
ATP | E | [25,101] | 45 1 | [60,66,110] | 414.5 | 442.3 | |||
Carbamoyl phosphate | I | [55] | 5 | 362 | 396.7 | ||||
Cellulobiose | S | [111] | 477.9 | 513.2 | |||||
Coenzyme A | C | [112] | 120 | 507.6 | 699 | ||||
Cytidine | N | [113] [skipped – inconsistent with three others] [114,115,116] | Data from Snider was inconsistent with other data sets, and so was excluded | 465.1 | 497 | ||||
Cytosine | N | [100,114,117] | 467.7 | 495.8 | |||||
Deoxyadenosine (deamination) | N | [118] | 377.5 | 463 | |||||
Dihydroxyacetone | G | [119] | 271 2.7 10 | [63] [64] [65] | 552.5 | 654.8 | |||
Formic acid | I | [120,121] | 614.4 | 692.6 | |||||
Fructose | S | [46,47] | 484 | 519.6 | |||||
Fructose-1,6-diphosphate | G | [122] | 0.6 10 | [64] [65] | 467.1 | 511.8 | |||
Fumarate | T | [123] | 310 0.9 4 | [63] [64] [124] | 643 | 720.1 | |||
Galactose | S | [47] | 495.6 | 520.6 | |||||
Glucosamine | D | [125] | 492.1 | 551.3 | |||||
Glucose | S | [46,47,50] | 600 | [60] | 499.6 | 537.3 | |||
Glyceraldehyde | G | [119] | 2.7 10 | [64] [65] | 420.9 | 685.3 | |||
Glycine | A | [103,105,106,126,127] | 30 | [56] | 533.9 | 608.8 | |||
Guanine | N | [100] | 551.5 | 605.7 | |||||
Histidine | A | [105,128] | 873.6 | 7626.1 | |||||
Hypoxanthine | I | [100] | 516.9 | 572.2 | |||||
Isoleucine | A | [103,105,128] | 582.3 | 620.8 | |||||
Isomaltose | S | [111] | 478.4 | 509.1 | |||||
Lactose | S | [111] | 450.9 | 499.4 | |||||
Leucine | A | [103,105,128,129,130] | 45 | [57,58] | 563.8 | 601.8 | |||
Long chain triglycerides | L | [131] | 340.1 | 397.8 | |||||
Lyxose | S | [49] | 474.9 | 518.2 | |||||
Malonate | I | [132,133] | 456.4 | 515.9 | |||||
Maltose | S | [47,111] | 470.3 | 509.7 | |||||
Mandelic Acid (racemization) | I | 605 | 665.2 | ||||||
Mannose | S | [47] | 463.9 | 515.7 | |||||
Melibiose | S | [111] | 462 | 494 | |||||
Methionine | A | [103,105,128] | 546.5 | 581.3 | |||||
N-acetyl glucosamine | D | [125] | 429.5 | 458.8 | |||||
NADH | C | [27,28,29,30,31] | 352.3 | 372.2 | |||||
Orotic acid | I | [134] | 605 | 665.2 | |||||
Oxaloacetate | T | [135] | 319 1000 | 2.7 | 328.5 | 355.8 | |||
Palatinose | S | [111] | 459.1 | 493.3 | |||||
Phenylalanine | A | [103,105,128,129] | 180 | [59] | 569.1 | 613.6 | |||
Phosphatidyl choline | L | [136] | 3000 (phosphatidyl glycerol) 3600 | [61,62] | 472.3 | 544.3 | |||
Proline | A | [105] | 601.1 | 640.1 | |||||
Pyruvate | G | [137] | 294 | [63] | 570.9 | 620.6 | |||
Ribose | S | [49,138] | 440.4 | 516.3 | |||||
Serine | A | [103,105,106,128] | 525.7 | 560.9 | |||||
Sucrose | S | [139] | 375.5 | 430.3 | |||||
Threonine | A | [105] | 516 | 554.7 | |||||
Thymidine | N | [100] | 552.4 | 597.1 | |||||
Trehalose | S | [111] | 496.1 | 525.8 | |||||
Turanose | S | [111] | 449.3 | 478.1 | |||||
Tyrosine | A | [128] | 589.5 | 710.4 | |||||
Uracil | N | [100] | 552.4 | 597.1 | |||||
Urea | I | [140] | 446.3 | 475.5 | |||||
Valine | A | [103,105,130] | 40 | [56] | 577.4 | 600.6 | |||
Xanthine | I | [100] | 595 | 660.5 | |||||
Xylose | S | [48,49,50] | 434 | 482.3 |
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bains, W.; Xiao, Y.; Yu, C. Prediction of the Maximum Temperature for Life Based on the Stability of Metabolites to Decomposition in Water. Life 2015, 5, 1054-1100. https://doi.org/10.3390/life5021054
Bains W, Xiao Y, Yu C. Prediction of the Maximum Temperature for Life Based on the Stability of Metabolites to Decomposition in Water. Life. 2015; 5(2):1054-1100. https://doi.org/10.3390/life5021054
Chicago/Turabian StyleBains, William, Yao Xiao, and Changyong Yu. 2015. "Prediction of the Maximum Temperature for Life Based on the Stability of Metabolites to Decomposition in Water" Life 5, no. 2: 1054-1100. https://doi.org/10.3390/life5021054