Abstract
This paper provides a complete classification of four-dimensional complex Poisson algebras, extending previous work on lower-dimensional cases. We develop a systematic approach that combines the classification of four-dimensional complex commutative associative algebras with the classification of four-dimensional complex Lie algebras, allowing us to determine all compatible Poisson structures up to isomorphism. Our main result presents 71 distinct types: 60 isolated non-isomorphic Poisson algebras with non-trivial commutative product and 11 one-parameter families of non-isomorphic Poisson algebras. In addition to these, we include the known four-dimensional complex Lie algebras, viewed as Poisson algebras with trivial commutative product. This purely algebraic classification provides a foundation for future studies, including the geometric classification of Poisson algebras, their degenerations, and the analysis of orbit closures in the corresponding algebraic variety.
MSC:
17A30; 17B63
1. Introduction
Poisson algebras are vector spaces equipped with two binary operations, a commutative product and a Lie bracket, which satisfy a certain compatibility condition known as the Leibniz rule. Introduced in Hamiltonian mechanics as the dual of the category of classical mechanical systems, Poisson algebras have a fundamental role in the study of quantum groups, differential geometry, noncommutative geometry, integrable systems, quantum field theory, or vertex operator algebras (see [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]). Additionally, this class of algebras plays an important role in many areas of mathematics including symplectic geometry, representation theory, quantum field theory, and algebraic geometry. Poisson algebras can be thought of as the algebraic counterpart of Poisson manifolds, which are smooth manifolds M whose commutative algebra of real smooth functions is endowed with a Lie bracket , satisfying the Leibniz rule; i.e., is a Poisson algebra. Here, they are used to study geometric structures that preserve certain properties under deformation.
Classifying algebras is important in several areas of physics and mathematics. Understanding the classification of algebras of small dimensions is often a first step to obtain the corresponding to larger algebras. Concretely, by classifying Poisson algebras we can identify their underlying symmetries and study their geometric properties, which can lead to new insights into the behavior of physical systems.
In [8] the authors developed a method to obtain the algebraic classification of Poisson algebras defined on a commutative associative algebra, and they applied it to obtain the classification of three-dimensional complex Poisson algebras. In addition, they also studied the algebraic classification of the Poisson algebras defined on a commutative associative null-filiform or filiform algebra. This method focuses on presenting a procedure to classify all the Poisson algebras associated with a given commutative associative algebra. We briefly explain the method. Pick an arbitrary commutative associative algebra . Further, compute the set of all skew symmetric bilinear maps on , satisfying some adequate conditions (Definition 3). It is proven that for any Poisson algebra there exists , such that the algebra is isomorphic to a Poisson algebra associated with the given commutative associative algebra . Find the orbits of the automorphism group on by a proper action (3). It turns out that by choosing a representative from each orbit, all Poisson algebras are obtained , up to isomorphism. So, all the Poisson algebras associated with a given commutative associative algebra are obtained.
In the present paper, the authors produce a complete classification of four-dimensional complex Poisson algebras, by applying the above results, taking into account the classification, up to isomorphism, of the complex commutative associative algebras of dimension 4 presented in [9], as well as, using the Lie algebra classification, up to isomorphism, given in [10].
The novelty of this work lies in providing the first comprehensive algebraic classification of all four-dimensional complex Poisson algebras. While the classifications of the underlying commutative associative and Lie algebra structures were already established, a unified framework encompassing all compatible Poisson brackets had not been developed before. Our results identify and distinguish new Poisson algebra classes, including parameter-dependent families. In particular, we emphasize that this study presents the first complete algebraic classification in dimension 4, extending the known results for the three-dimensional case.
2. The Algebraic Classification Method
In this section, we recall the method to obtain the algebraic classification of the Poisson algebras over an arbitrary field of characteristic zero present in [8], to make this work self-contained. Let us recall some basic definitions needed in the sequel.
Definition 1.
for any . The dimension of a Poisson algebra is its dimension as vector space.
A Poisson algebra is a vector space endowed with two bilinear operations:
- (1)
- An commutative associative multiplication denoted by ;
- (2)
- A Lie algebra multiplication denoted by .
- These two operations are compatible in the sense that they satisfy the following Leibniz identity
Condition (1) ensures that the Lie bracket behaves like a derivation with respect to the commutative associative multiplication.
Definition 2.
Consider two Poisson algebras and . A Poisson algebras homomorphism (or just homomorphism, when the context is clear), is a linear map preserving the two products, that is,
for all .
Now, picking any arbitrary commutative associative algebra, we may consider all the Poisson structures defined over this algebra. This notion is captured in the following definition.
Definition 3.
Let be a commutative associative algebra. Define to be the set of all skew-symmetric bilinear maps such that
for all in . Then since .
Observe that, for , we may define on a bracket by
for any in .
Lemma 1.
Let be a commutative associative algebra and . Then is a Poisson algebra endowed with the product defined in (2).
Proof.
Let be a commutative associative algebra and let . Then is an anticommutative algebra. Moreover, since , we have
for in , as desired. □
On the other hand, we may prove that if is a Poisson algebra, then there exists such that . Indeed, let us consider the skew-symmetric bilinear map defined by for . Then and .
Now, let be a commutative associative algebra and be the automorphism group of . Then we can define an action of on by
for any and , with in .
Lemma 2.
Let be a commutative associative algebra and . Then and are isomorphic if and only if there exists such that .
Proof.
If there exists such that , then is an isomorphism since , with in . On the other hand, if is an isomorphism of Poisson algebras, then and , with in . Hence and therefore . □
Hence, we have a procedure to classify all the Poisson algebras associated with a given commutative associative algebra . It is performed in three steps:
- (1)
- Compute .
- (2)
- Find the orbits of on .
- (3)
- Choose a representative from each orbit and then construct the Poisson algebra .
Remark 1.
Similarly, we can construct an analogous method for classifying the four-dimensional Poisson algebras from the classification of Lie algebras of dimension four.
Let us denote the following notation. Let be a fixed basis of a commutative associative algebra . We define , where each is the skew-symmetric bilinear form defined by
Now, if , then can be uniquely written as where is a sequence of skew-symmetric bilinear forms on . Also, we may write . Let be given by the matrix . If , then .
Remark 2.
Note that if and are two isomorphic Poisson algebras, then the commutative associative algebras and are isomorphic. So, given two non-isomorphic commutative associative algebras and , we have that any Poisson structure on is not isomorphic to any Poisson structure on .
Remark 3.
Let and . Then there exists an invertible matrix such that . In fact, first assume that . Then . Now, if then .
3. Poisson Algebras of Dimension 4
From now, we present the classification, up to isomorphism, of the Poisson algebras for dimension 4 over the field of complex numbers . For simplicity, every time we write the multiplication table of a Poisson algebra, the products of basic elements whose values are zero or can be recovered by the commutativity, in the case of , or by the anticommutativity, in the case of , are omitted. First we recall the classification, up to isomorphism, of the complex commutative associative algebras of dimension 4 presented in [9]:
Theorem 1
([9]). Let be a complex commutative associative algebra of dimension 4. Then is isomorphic to one of the following algebras:
- trivial algebra.
Now, we present the main result of the paper.
Theorem 2.
Let be a complex Poisson algebra of dimension 4. Then is isomorphic to one of the Lie algebras given in [10] (Lemma 3) or to one of the following algebras:
- Between these algebras there are precisely the following isomorphisms:
- if and only if .
- if and only if .
- if and only if .
- if and only if .
- if and only if .
- if and only if .
- if and only if .
- if and only if .
- if and only if .
- if and only if .
- if and only if .
4. The Proof of Theorem 2
. Then is a Lie algebra. So is isomorphic to one of the Lie algebras given in [10] (Lemma 3).
. The automorphism group of , , consists of the automorphisms given by a matrix of the following form:
Let be an arbitrary element of . Then
such that
for some . Let . Write
Then
By Remark 3, we may assume . Assume first that . Then, we have . Moreover, we have
Whence . Thus we may assume:
So, the following cases arise:
- .
- ❖
- . If , then , and we get the algebra . Otherwise, let be the first of the following matrices if or the second if :Then . So we obtain the representative . Hence we get the Poisson algebra .
- ❖
- . We define to be the following automorphism:Then . So we get the Poisson algebra .
- .
- ❖
- . If , we choose as follows:Then . Hence we get the Poisson algebras . Furthermore, the Poisson algebras and are isomorphic if and only if . If , we define to be the first of the following matrices if or the second if :Then if or if . So we get the Poisson algebra if or the Poisson algebra if .
- ❖
- . Since , we have . Choose as follows:Then . So we get the Poisson algebra .
- .Since , we have . Let be the following matrix:Then . Therefore, we get the Poisson algebra .
- .
- ❖
- . Let be the first of the following matrices if or the second if :Then if or if . Therefore we obtain the Poisson algebras and .
- ❖
- . Choose as follows:Then and we get the algebra .
Let us assume now that . Then and . Set . Let be the first of the following matrices if or the second if :
Then if or if . Thus, we obtain the Poisson algebras and .
. Let be an arbitrary element of . Then
such that
for some . Moreover, the automorphism group of , , consists of the automorphisms given by a matrix of the following form:
Let . Then where
Assume first that . Let be the following automorphism:
Then for some . So we get the representatives . Further, the representatives and are in the same orbit if and only if . So we get the Poisson algebras . Assume now that (i.e., where ).
- . Then so is . Assume first that . If , we define to be the following automorphism:Then . So we get the Poisson algebra . If , we define to be the following automorphism:Then . So we get the Poisson algebra . Assume now that where .
- ❖
- . Then . If , then for some . So we have the representatives . Moreover, for any , we have with . Thus the representatives are in the same orbit if and only if . Hence we get the algebras . If , we choose as follows:Then . So we get the Poisson algebra .
- ❖
- . Then . If , we choose to be the first of the following matrices when or the second when :Then . So we get the Poisson algebra .If , we choose to be the first of the following matrices if or the second if :Then . So we get the Poisson algebra .
- . Then . Let be the first of the following matrices when or the second when :Then for some . So we have the representatives . Moreover, the representatives are in the same orbit if and only if . So we get the Poisson algebras .
. Let be an arbitrary element of . Then for some . The automorphism group of , , consists of the automorphisms given by a matrix of the following form:
Let . Then where
If , we get the Poisson algebra . Assume now that . If , we choose as follows:
Then . Hence we get the Poisson algebra . If , we choose as follows:
Then . So we get the Poisson algebra .
. It is easy to see that the algebra is isomorphic to the following algebra
So we may assume . Let be an arbitrary element of . Then for some . The automorphism group of , , consists of the automorphisms given by a matrix of the following form:
Let . Then where if or if . If , we get the Poisson algebra . If , then we may assume without any loss of generality that . Let be the following automorphism:
Then for some . Hence we get the representatives . Moreover, and are in the same orbit if and only if . Hence we get the Poisson algebras .
. Let be an arbitrary element of . Then
for some . The automorphism group of , , consists of the automorphisms given by a matrix of the following form:
Let Aut. Then where
Let us consider the following cases:
- . Let be the following automorphism:Then . So we obtain the Poisson algebra .
- . Let be the following automorphism:Then . So we obtain the Poisson algebra .
- . Then for any Aut. Thus we have the representatives , and are in the same orbit if and only if . Therefore, we obtain the Poisson algebras .
. Since is isomorphic to , we may assume . Let be an arbitrary element of . Then
for some . The automorphism group of , , consists of the automorphisms given by a matrix of the following form:
such that
Let us consider the following cases:
- . Let us define as follows:Then . So we get the Poisson algebra .
- . Set . Let be the first of the following matrices if or the second if :Then if or with if . Thus we obtain the Poisson algebras and . Moreover, the algebras and are isomorphic if and only if .
- .
- ❖
- . If we choose asthen and so we again get the Poisson algebras .
- ❖
- . If , then , and we get the algebra . If , we choose to be the following automorphism:Then and we have again the algebra .
. Let be an arbitrary element of . Then for some . If , we then get the algebra . If , we define to be the following diagonal matrix:
Then and . Hence we get the Poisson algebra .
. Then . So we get the algebra .
. Then . So we get the algebra .
. Then . So we get the algebra .
. Then . So we get the algebra .
. Let be an arbitrary element of . Then for some . The automorphism group of , , consists of the automorphisms given by a matrix of the following form:
Let . Then where
Then, by Remark 3, we may assume . So we get the algebras and .
. Then . So we get the algebra .
. The automorphism group of , , consists of the automorphisms given by a matrix of the following form:
Let be an arbitrary element of . Then
such that
for some . Let . Write
Now if we define to be the matrix
then . So we may assume that
Then we have the following cases:
- . Again, if we define to be the matrixthenSo, by Remark 3, we may assume .
- ❖
- . Then since otherwise . If , we define to be the following matrix:Then . So we have the representatives . If and , we obtain the representative . Morover, the representatives are in the same orbit if and only if . So we get the Poisson algebras . If and , we define to be the following matrix:Then . So we get the Poisson algebra .
- ❖
- . If , we get the algebra . Assume now that . If , we define to be the first of the following matrices if or the second if :Then and we get the Poisson algebra . If , we define to be the following matrix:Then . So we get the Poisson algebra .
- . ThenAssume first that . Set . Then . If , we choose as follows:Then . So we obtain the Poisson algebras . If , then . Further, if we choose asthen . Hence we get the Poisson algebras . Assume now that . Then and . Moreover, if we choose asthen . Hence we get the Poisson algebra .
- . Then and . Choose as follows:Then . So we get the algebra .
- . Then and . Let us consider the following cases:
- ❖
- . Let be the first of the following matrices if or the second if :Then if or if . So we get the algebras and .
- ❖
- . Let be the following automorphism:Then . So we get the algebra .
- ❖
- . Consider the following automorphism:Then with .
- ♦
- . Then whereSo we get the algebra .
- ♦
- . Then whereSo we get the algebra .
- ♦
- . Then for some whereSo we get the algebra .
. Let be an arbitrary element of . Then for some . The automorphism group of , , consists of the automorphisms given by a matrix of the following form:
Let . Then where
If , we get the algebra . Otherwise, let be the first of the following matrices if or the second if :
Then if while if . So we get the algebras and .
. Then . So we get the algebra .
. Let be an arbitrary element of . Then for some . The automorphism group of , , consists of the automorphisms given by a matrix of the following form:
Let . Then where . So we get the representatives . Moreover, the representatives and are in the same orbit if and only if . Hence we get the algebras .
. Then . So we get the algebra .
. Then . So we get the algebra .
. Let be an arbitrary element of . Then for some . The automorphism group of , , consists of the automorphisms given by a matrix of the following form:
Let . Then where
Then, by Remark 3, we may assume . So we get the algebras and .
. Then . So we get the algebra .
. Let be an arbitrary element of . Then for some . The automorphism group of , , consists of the automorphisms given by a matrix of the following form:
Let . Then where
Then, by Remark 3, we may assume . So we get the algebras and .
. Then . So we get the algebra .
. Let be an arbitrary element of . Then for some . The automorphism group of , , consists of the automorphisms given by a matrix of the following form:
Let . Then where
Then, by Remark 3, we may assume . So we get the algebras and .
. Then . So we get the algebra .
. The automorphism group of , , consists of the automorphisms given by a matrix of the following form:
Let be an arbitrary element of . Then
such that
for some . Since Aut Aut and , we obtain the algebras .
. Let be an arbitrary element of . Then for some . The automorphism group of , , consists of the automorphisms given by a matrix of the following form:
Let . Then where
Whence . Hence we get the algebras . Moreover, the algebras and are isomorphic if and only if .
. Let be an arbitrary element of . Then for some . The automorphism group of , , consists of the automorphisms given by a matrix of the following form:
Let . Then where
If , we choose as follows:
Then . Hence we get the algebra . If and , we choose as follows:
Then . So we get the algebra . If , then , and we get the algebra .
. Then . So we get the algebra .
Author Contributions
Methodology, H.A.; Investigation, H.A. and J.M.S.; Writing—original draft, H.A. and J.M.S.; Writing—review & editing, H.A. and J.M.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
The second author is supported by the PCI of the UCA ‘Teoría de Lie y Teoría de Espacios de Banach’, by the PAI with project number FQM298, and by the project ProyExcel_00780 of the Regional Government of Andalusia, Spain.
Data Availability Statement
No new data were created or analyzed in this study. Data sharing is not applicable to this article.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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