Transparency and Digitalization in Water Services: Reality or Still a Dream?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Transparency in Water Service
2.2. Digitalization in Water Service
2.3. Relationship between Transparency and Digitalization
3. Methodology and Data
3.1. Data
3.2. Methodology
3.2.1. Proposed Approach to Assess the Degree of Transparency through the Transparency Index of Public Companies (INDEP)
3.2.2. Proposed Approach to Assess the Degree of Digitalization through the Action Lines of Strategic Projects for Economic Recovery and Transformation (PERTE)
- Line of action 1: Improvement of governance in water use management (6 indicators).
- Line of action 2: Promoting the digitalization of basin organizations (6 indicators).
- Line of action 3: Development of aid programs for the promotion of digitalization for the different water users (5 indicators).
- Line of action 4: Promotion of training and innovation in digital competencies in water administration and management (4 indicators).
4. Results
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Correction Statement
Appendix A
Water Companies | Municipality | Management Model |
---|---|---|
Acosol | Mijas (Málaga) | Public |
Agamed | Torrevieja (Alicante) | *PPP |
Agua municipal de Terrasa | Terrasa (Barcelona) | Public |
Aguas de Albacete | Albacete | Public |
Aguas de Alcalá | Alcalá de Henares (Madrid) | Public |
Aguas de Alicante | Alicante | PPP |
Aguas de Añarbe | San Sebastian (Guipúzcoa) | Public |
Aguas de Avilés | Avilés (Asturias) | PPP |
Aguas de Burgos | Burgos | Public |
Aguas de Cádiz | Cádiz | Public |
Aguas de El Ejido | El Ejido (Almería) | PPP |
Aguas de Elche | Elche (Alicante) | PPP |
Aguas de Huelva | Huelva | PPP |
Aguas de l´horta | Torrent (Valencia) | PPP |
Aguas de León | León | PPP |
Aguas de Lorca | Lorca (Murcia) | PPP |
Aguas de Manresa | Manresa (Barcelona) | Public |
Aguas de Murcia | Murcia | PPP |
Aguas de Reus | Reus (Tarragona) | Public |
Aguas de Telde | Teldes (Las Palmas) | PPP |
Aguavall | Valladolid | Public |
Aigües de Barcelona | Barcelona,L’ Hospitalet de Llobregat, Badalona, Santa coloma de Gramanet, Cornellà de Gramanet, sant Boi de Llobregat, Rubí | PPP |
Aigües de Girona | Girona | Public |
Aigües de Mataró | Mataró (Barcelona) | Privatization |
Aigües de Sabadell | Sabadell (Barcelona) | PPP |
Amvisa | Vitoria (Álava) | Privatization |
Apemsa | El Puerto de Santa María (Cádiz) | PPP |
Aquajerez | Jerez de la Frontera (Cádiz) | Public |
Aqualia | Vigo, Oviedo, Almería, Santander, Badajoz, Salamanca, Lérida, Jaén, Talavera de la Reina, Vélez-Málaga | Public |
Aquona | Ciudad Real y Palencia | Privatization |
Ayto Logroño | Logroño | Public |
Ayto Zaragoza | Zaragoza | Public |
Canal de Isabel II | Madrid, Móstoles, Fuenlabrada, Leganés, Getafe, Alcorcón, Torrejón de Ardoz, Parla, Alcobendas, Las Rozas, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Rivas-Vaciamadrid, Coslada, Valdemoro (Madrid); Cáceres | Public |
Canaragua | Arona (S.C.Tenerife) | PPP |
Chiclana natural | Chiclana de la Frontera (Cádiz) | Public |
Concello de Lugo | Lugo | Public |
Consorcio de aguas Bilbao Bizkaia | Bilbao, Baracaldo, Getxo | Public |
Emacsa | Córdoba | Privatization |
Emalcsa | A Coruña | Public |
Emalgesa | Algeciras (Cádiz) | PPP |
Emalsa | Las Palmas de Gran Canaria | PPP |
Emasa | Málaga | Public |
Emasagra | Granada | PPP |
Emasesa | Dos Hermanas, Alcalá de Guadaíra, Sevilla | Public |
Ematsa | Tarragona | PPP |
Emaya | Palma de Mallorca | Public |
Emmasa | Santa Cruz de Tenerife | PPP |
Empresa Municipal de Aguas de Gijón | Gijón | Public |
Facsa | Castellón de la Plana | Privatization |
Gestagua | Fuengirola (Málaga) | Privatization |
Global Omnium | Valencia | Public |
Guadalagua | Guadalajara | PPP |
Hidralia | Roquetas de Mar (Almería) y Marbella (Málaga) | Privatization |
Hidrogrea | Cartagena (Murcia) | Privatization |
Mancomunidad de la Comarca de Pamplona | Pamplona | Public |
Sorea | San Cugat del Vallés (Barcelona) | Privatization |
Tagus | Toledo | Public |
Teidagua | San Cristóbal de la Laguna (S.C.Tenerife) | PPP |
Viaqua | Ourense, Santiago de Compostela y Pontevedra | Privatization |
Appendix B
Lines of Actions | Indicators |
---|---|
1. Improvement of governance in the management of water uses. | 1.1. Modification of the Revised Text of the Water Law (TRLA). |
1.2. Transposition of the new Directive on the quality of water intended for human consumption. | |
1.3. Modification of the Public Hydraulic Domain Regulations (RDPH). | |
1.4. Updating of the Ministerial Order regulating the systems for effective control of the volumes of water used and discharges. | |
1.5. Updating of the Ministerial Order developing the legal regime of the entities collaborating with the water administration. | |
1.6. New Royal Decree regulating the content and operation of the Spanish Water Observatory and the seal of transparent water management. | |
2. Promotion of the digitalization of basin organizations. | 2.1. Digitalization of the administrative management of the water administration. * |
2.2. Implementation of the electronic Water Register, giving decisive impetus to the work currently underway and the start-up of the Central Water Database. | |
2.3. Promotion of the technological development of the Hydrological Information networks, in relation to the management of hydrological data, the control of water uses and compliance with ecological flows. * | |
2.4. Promotion and progress in the numerical modeling of the hydrological cycle. * | |
2.5. Action program for the digital modeling of state-owned hydraulic works using BIM methodology and a specific program for the digitalization of the entire safety cycle of dams and reservoirs. | |
2.6. Improvement of existing computer systems for water status and quality. * | |
2.7. Drawing up the Digital Water Book. | |
3. Development of aid programs to promote digitalization for different water users. | 3.1. First call for subsidies in competitive concurrence for singular programs for the digitalization of the urban water cycle. * |
3.2. Distribution of funds to the Autonomous Regions at the Sectoral Conference on the Environment. | |
3.3. Second call for subsidies for urban water cycle digitalization programs. | |
3.4. Call for subsidies in competitive concurrence of singular programs for the digitalization of Irrigation Communities and Groundwater User Communities. | |
3.5. Call for subsidies in competitive concurrence for singular digitization projects in water management in the industrial sector. | |
4. Promotion of training and innovation in digital competences in water administration and management. | 4.1. Preparation of technical guides, recommendations and informative materials. * |
4.2. Specific internal training and innovation programs for staff involved in digitalization. | |
4.3. Development and collaboration in specific R&D&I projects for water management. * | |
4.4. Development of dissemination and training campaigns aimed at citizens and water users. * |
Appendix C
Model Management | |||
---|---|---|---|
Public | Contracting Out | PPP | |
Transparency | 40.7% | 30% | 40.9% |
Digitalization | 51.8% | 70% | 72.7% |
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Water Company | Ranking INDEP/PERTE | INDEP | PERTE | Water Company | Ranking INDEP/PERTE | INDEP | PERTE | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emasesa | 1 | 8 | 83.33% | 63% | Chiclana natural | 31 | 44 | 36.67% | 38% |
Ayto Logroño | 2 | 17 | 75% | 50% | Aguas de Añarbe | 32 | 26 | 35% | 50% |
Agua municipal de Terrasa | 3 | 37 | 71.67% | 38% | Aguas de Avilés | 33 | 27 | 35% | 50% |
Aquavall | 4 | 51 | 71.67% | 25% | Hidralia | 34 | 28 | 33% | 50% |
Ematsa | 5 | 2 | 68.33% | 75% | Emmasa | 35 | 29 | 31.66% | 50% |
Emaya | 6 | 18 | 66.67% | 38% | Aguas de Albacete | 36 | 30 | 30% | 50% |
Mancomunidad de la Comarca de Pamplona | 7 | 52 | 65% | 25% | Aqualia | 37 | 5 | 28.33% | 75% |
Canal de Isabel II | 8 | 19 | 63.33% | 63% | Global Omnium | 38 | 13 | 26.67% | 63% |
Concello de Lugo | 9 | 38 | 63.33% | 38% | Canaragua | 39 | 31 | 26.67% | 50% |
Aigües de Barcelona | 10 | 1 | 60% | 88% | Emalgesa | 40 | 32 | 26.67% | 50% |
Aguas de León | 11 | 20 | 60% | 50% | Aguas de Alicante | 41 | 45 | 26.67% | 38% |
Emasagra | 12 | 21 | 60% | 50% | Aigües de Sabadell | 42 | 46 | 26.67% | 38% |
Aguas de Cádiz | 13 | 3 | 58.33% | 75% | Agamed | 43 | 33 | 23.33% | 50% |
Aguas de Elche | 14 | 9 | 58.33% | 63% | Emalsa | 44 | 14 | 23.33% | 63% |
Aguas de l’horta | 15 | 22 | 58.33% | 50% | Hidrogrea | 45 | 6 | 20% | 75% |
Emasa | 16 | 39 | 58.33% | 38% | Aquona | 46 | 34 | 20% | 50% |
Emacsa | 17 | 40 | 56.67% | 50% | Empresa Municipal Aguas de Gijón | 47 | 47 | 20% | 38% |
Aguas de Huelva | 18 | 10 | 56.67% | 63% | Aigües de Girona | 48 | 35 | 18.33% | 50% |
Aguas de Lorca | 19 | 23 | 56.67% | 50% | Viaqua | 49 | 15 | 15% | 63% |
Aguas de Murcia | 20 | 4 | 55% | 75% | Aguas de Alcalá | 50 | 48 | 13.33% | 38% |
Consorcio de aguas Bilbao Bizkaia | 21 | 41 | 55% | 50% | Aquajerez | 51 | 57 | 13.33% | 13% |
Amvisa | 22 | 11 | 51.67% | 63% | Ayto Zaragoza | 52 | 7 | 13.33% | 63% |
Aigües de Mataró | 23 | 42 | 50% | 38% | Facsa | 53 | 36 | 13.33% | 50% |
Acosol | 24 | 24 | 48.33% | 50% | Sorea | 54 | 49 | 13.33% | 38% |
Aguas de Telde | 25 | 25 | 46.67% | 50% | Gestagua | 55 | 58 | 13.33% | 13% |
Teidagua | 26 | 43 | 45% | 38% | Aguas de Burgos | 56 | 16 | 10% | 63% |
Apemsa | 27 | 53 | 45% | 25% | Guadalagua | 57 | 59 | 10% | 13% |
Aguas de Reus | 28 | 12 | 43.33% | 63% | Tagus | 58 | 50 | 6.67% | 38% |
Emalcsa | 29 | 54 | 43.33% | 25% | Aguas de El Ejido | 59 | 56 | 6.67% | 25% |
Aguas de Manresa | 30 | 55 | 40% | 25% |
INDEX | Average% | Max% | Min% |
---|---|---|---|
INDEP | 39.85% | 83.33% | 6.67% |
PERTE | 48.00% | 88% | 13% |
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Zafra-Gómez, E.; Garrido-Montañés, M.; López-Pérez, G.; Navarro-Ruiz, M.-A. Transparency and Digitalization in Water Services: Reality or Still a Dream? Water 2024, 16, 367. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16030367
Zafra-Gómez E, Garrido-Montañés M, López-Pérez G, Navarro-Ruiz M-A. Transparency and Digitalization in Water Services: Reality or Still a Dream? Water. 2024; 16(3):367. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16030367
Chicago/Turabian StyleZafra-Gómez, Elisabeth, Marta Garrido-Montañés, Germán López-Pérez, and María-Angustias Navarro-Ruiz. 2024. "Transparency and Digitalization in Water Services: Reality or Still a Dream?" Water 16, no. 3: 367. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16030367