Phosphorus Removal with Coagulation Processes in Five Low Buffered Lakes—A Case Study of Mesocosm Research
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sites
2.2. Research Plan
2.3. Sampling and Analysis Procedures
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Environmental Characteristics of the Lakes—Preliminary Results
3.2. Changes in Water Chemistry after the Application of Polyaluminium Chloride—in Situ Experiments
- Phosphate binds to hardly soluble aluminum phosphate and precipitates;
- Positively charged aluminum hydroxide polymers react with PO43−;
- Suspended organic and mineral matter containing insoluble P precipitates via coagulation and flocculation.
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Klapper, H. Control of Eutrophication in Inland Waters; Ellis Horwood Ltd Publishing: New York, NY, USA, 1991; pp. 116–266. [Google Scholar]
- Søndergaard, M.; Jeppesen, E.; Jensen, J.P.; Lauridsen, T. Lake restoration in Denmark. Lake Res. Res. Manag. 2000, 5, 151–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, S.J.; Si, J.H.; Hou, C.Y.; Li, Y.S.; Wang, M.M.; Yan, X.X.; Xie, M.; Sun, J.X.; Chen, B.J.; Li, S.S. Spatiotemporal distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus in alpine lakes in the Sanjiangyuan Region of the Tibetan Plateau. Water Sci. Technol. 2017, 76, 396–412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kajak, Z. Hydrobiology-limnology. Freshwater Ecosystems; PWN Publishing: Warsaw, Poland, 2001; pp. 139–187. [Google Scholar]
- Søndergaard, M.; Jensen, J.P.; Jeppesen, E. Role of sediment and internal loading of phosphorus in shallow lakes. Hydrobiologia 2003, 506, 135–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Water Framework Directive. Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. Off. J. Eur. Communities 2000, 22, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Spears, B.M.; Dudley, B.; Reitzel, K.; Rydin, E. Geoengineering in lakes–A call for consensus. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 3953–3954. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- OECD. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Poland 2015; OECD Publishing: Paris, France, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Lee, L.Y.; Wang, B.; Guo, H.; Hu, J.Y.; Ong, S.L. Aluminum-based water treatment residue reuse for phosphorus removal. Water 2015, 7, 1480–1496. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ojo, P.; Ifelebuegu, A.O. Effect of aluminium salt dosing on activated sludge settleability indicators: A new settleability model development. Water 2019, 11, 179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Łopata, M.; Gawrońska, H. Effectiveness of the polymictic Lake Głęboczek in Tuchola restoration by the phosphorus inactivation method. Pol. J. Nat. Sci. 2006, 21, 859–870. [Google Scholar]
- Immers, A.K.; Bakker, E.S.; Van Donk, E.; Ter Heerdt, G.N.J.; Geurts, J.J.M.; Declerck, S.A.J. Fighting internal phosphorus loading: An evaluation of the large scale application of gradual Fe-addition to a shallow peat lake. Ecol. Eng. 2015, 83, 78–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jensen, H.S.; Reitzel, K.; Egemose, S. Evaluation of aluminum treatment efficiency on water quality and internal phosphorus cycling in six Danish lakes. Hydrobiologia 2015, 751, 189–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jančula, D.; Maršálek, B. Seven years from the first application of polyaluminium chloride in the Czech Republic–effects on phytoplankton communities in three water bodies. Chem. Ecol. 2012, 28, 535–544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grochowska, J.; Brzozowska, R.; Łopata, M. Durability of changes in phosphorus compounds in water of an urban lake after application of two reclamation methods. Water Sci. Technol. 2013, 68, 234–239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Grochowska, J.; Augustyniak, R.; Łopata, M.; Parszuto, K.; Tandyrak, R.; Płachta, A. From saprotrophic to clear water status: The restoration path of a degraded urban lake. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2019, 230, 94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dunalska, J.; Ciecierska, H.; Napiórkowska-Krzebietke, A.; Ruszczyńska, J.; Sieńska, J.; Szymański, D. Lakes of Olsztyn: The Most Beautiful Gift of Nature: Trophic State and Ecology; Mantis Publishing: Olsztyn, Poland, 2017; pp. 18–32. [Google Scholar]
- Jańczak, J. The Atlas of Polish Lakes; The Institute of Meteorology and Water Management–National Research Institute (IMGW-PIB)/Bogucki, S.C.: Poznań, Poland, 1999; pp. 13–85. [Google Scholar]
- Dojlido, J.R. Chemistry of Surface Waters; Economy and Environment: Białystok, Poland, 1995; pp. 65–188. [Google Scholar]
- Czarnecka, H. The Atlas of Hydrographic Division of Poland; The Institute of Meteorology and Water Management: Warsaw, Poland, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Lossow, K.; Gawrońska, H.; Mientki, C.; Łopata, M.; Wiśniewski, G. Lakes of Olsztyn-Trophic Status, Threats; SPW Edycja: Olsztyn, Poland, 2005; pp. 1–164. [Google Scholar]
- Kowalczuk, P. Morphometry and Bathymetry of Lake Kluka Mała. Bachelor’s Thesis, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Gut, M. Morphometry and Bathymetry of Lake Kluka Duża. Bachelor’s Thesis, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Rusiecki, K. Bathymetric Map and Morphometric Characteristics of Lake “Zbiornik Zachodni” (Olsztyńskie Lake District). Bachelor’s Thesis, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Rydin, E.; Welch, E.B. Aluminum dose required to inactivate phosphate in lake sediments. Water Res. 1998, 32, 2969–2976. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gawrońska, H.; Brzozowska, R.; Grochowska, J.; Lossow, K. Effectiveness of PAX and PIX coagulants in phosphorus reduction in a lake–laboratory experiments. Limnol. Rev. 2001, 1, 73–82. [Google Scholar]
- American Public Health Association (APHA). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21st ed.; American Water Works Association/Water Pollution Control Federation: Washington, DC, USA, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Łopata, M.; Wiśniewski, G.; Augustyniak, R. Changes of the organic matter content in the water of lakes with low alkalinity occurring under the influence of the use aluminum salts. In Hydrology and Water Resources, Proceedings of the 16-th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM, Albena, Bulgaria 28 June–6 July 2016; STEF92 Technology Ltd.: Sofia, Bulgaria, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Poléo, A.B.S. Aluminium polymerization–a mechanism of acute toxicity of aqueous aluminium to fish. Aquat. Toxicol. 1995, 31, 347–356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wauer, G.; Heckemann, H.J.; Koschel, R. Analysis of toxic aluminium species in natural waters. Microchim. Acta 2004, 146, 149–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cooke, G.D.; Welch, E.B.; Peterson, S.A.; Nichols, S.A. Restoration and Management of Lakes and Reservoirs, 3rd ed.; Taylor & Francis/CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2005; p. 591. [Google Scholar]
- Waters, A.S.; Webster-Brown, J.G. Assessing aluminium toxicity in streams affected by acid mine drainage. Water Sci. Technol. 2013, 67, 1764–1772. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barabasz, W.; Albińska, D.; Jaśkowska, M.; Lipiec, J. Ecotoxicology of Aluminum. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2002, 11, 199–203. [Google Scholar]
- Cooke, G.D.; Welch, E.B.; Martin, A.B.; Fulmer, D.G.; Hyde, J.B.; Schrieve, G. Effectiveness of Al, Ca, Fe salts for control of internal phosphorus loading in shallow and deep lakes. Hydrobiologia 1993, 253, 323–335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, G.; Xie, F.; Zhang, J.; Wang, J.; Yang, Y.; Sun, R. Occurrence of phosphorus, iron, aluminum, silica, and calcium in a eutrophic lake during algae bloom sedimentation. Water Sci. Technol. 2016, 74, 1266–1273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Łopata, M.; Wiśniewski, G.; Brzozowska, R. Aluminum treatment of low alkaline lake waters buffered with calcium carbonate-laboratory investigations. Glob. J. Adv. Pure Appl. Sci. 2013, 1, 704–709. [Google Scholar]
- Łopata, M. Restoration of Polymictic Lake Głeboczek in Tuchola with Phosphorus Inactivation Method. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Łopata, M.; Gawrońska, H.; Jaworska, B.; Wiśniewski, G. Restoration of two shallow, urban lakes using the phosphorus inactivation method-preliminary results. Water Sci. Technol. 2013, 68, 2127–2135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McCormick, P.V.; Shuford III, R.B.E.; Chimney, M.J. Periphyton as a potential phosphorus sink in the Everglades Nutrient Removal Project. Ecol. Eng. 2006, 27, 279–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Allen, E.D.; Spence, D.H.N. The differential ability of aquatic plants to utilize the inorganic carbon supply in fresh waters. New phytol. 1981, 87, 269–283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berg, G.M.; Glibert, P.M.; Chen, C.C. Dimension effects of enclosures on ecological processes in pelagic systems. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1999, 44, 1331–1340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cui, Y.; Jin, L.; Ko, S.-R.; Chun, S.-J.; Oh, H.-S.; Lee, C.S.; Srivastava, A.; Oh, H.-M.; Ahn, C.-Y. Periphyton effects on bacterial assemblages and harmful cyanobacterial blooms in a eutrophic freshwater lake: A mesocosm study. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 7827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Parameter/Lake | Kluka Mała | Kluka Duża | Zbiornik Zachodni | Podkówka | Redykajny |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Location | N 53˚41΄00˝ E 20˚25΄59˝ | N 53˚41΄02˝ E 20˚25΄35˝ | N 53˚41΄08˝ E 20˚25΄05˝ | N 53˚48΄16˝ E 20˚27΄02˝ | N 53˚48΄52˝ E 20˚25΄04˝ |
Surface area (ha) /max depth (m) | 3.4/4.1 | 11.3/5.7 | 4.0/7.0 | 6.9/6.0 | 29.9/20.6 |
Trophic status | dystrophy /eutrophy | eutrophy /dystrophy | dystrophy /eutrophy | eutrophy /dystrophy | eutrophy /mesotrophy |
Alkalinity (meq L−1), | 0.69 ± 0.18 | 0.48 ± 0.05 | 0.45 ± 0.06 | 1.73 ± 0.10 | 2.48 ± 0.22 |
Calcium (mg Ca L−1) | 6.34 ± 0.94 | 5.44 ± 1.78 | 4.11 ± 0.96 | 23.21 ± 2.46 | 38.02 ± 3.66 |
Total phosphorus (mg P L−1) | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.09 ± 0.02 |
Dissolved aluminum (mg Al3+ L−1) | 0.038 ± 0.003 | 0.015 ± 0.004 | 0.016 ± 0.002 | 0.008 ± 0.004 | 0.007 ± 0.007 |
TOC (mg C L−1) | 27.25 ± 1.23 | 19.67 ± 2.19 | 15.75 ± 1.58 | 9.77 ± 1.59 | 8.86 ± 1.01 |
Parameter | Unit | Kluka Mała Dose Multiplicity | Kluka Duża Dose Multiplicity | ||||||||
Lake | Ctrl | 0.5 | 1.0 | 2.0 | Lake | Ctrl | 0.5 | 1.0 | 2.0 | ||
total phosphorus | % reduction | - | - | 32* | 34* | 29* | - | - | 47* | 60* | 60* |
pH value | Mean ± SD (pH) | 6.31 ± 0.35 | 6.27 ± 0.21 | 5.72 ± 0.61 | 5.34 ± 0.38 | 4.55 ± 0.56 | 7.22 ± 1.01 | 7.25 ± 0.95 | 6.13 ± 0.16 | 5.96± 0.48 | 4.63 ± 0.74 |
dissolved aluminum | Mean ± SD (mgAl3+ L−1) | 0.035 ± 0.006 | 0.036 ± 0.003 | 0.373 ± 0.196 | 0.232 ± 0.212 | 2.775 ± 0.491 | 0.018 ± 0.003 | 0.024 ± 0.005 | 0.072 ± 0.026 | 0.050 ± 0.011 | 0.589 ± 0.115 |
Parameter | Unit | Zbiornik Zachodni Dose Multiplicity | Podkówka Dose Multiplicity | ||||||||
Lake | Ctrl | 0.5 | 1.0 | 2.0 | Lake | Ctrl | 0.5 | 1.0 | 2.0 | ||
total phosphorus | % reduction | - | - | 42* | 53* | 41* | - | - | 51* | 69* | 72* |
pH value | Mean ± SD (pH) | 6.46 ± 0.18 | 6.43 ± 0.16 | 4.77 ± 0.27 | 4.52 ± 0.29 | 3.75 ± 0.35 | 7.94 ± 0.32 | 8.61 ± 0.17 | 8.40 ± 0.15 | 7.99 ± 0.10 | 7.14 ± 0.82 |
dissolved aluminum | Mean ± SD (mgAl3+ L−1) | 0.018 ± 0.003 | 0.019 ± 0.004 | 0.128 ± 0.032 | 1.189 ± 0.940 | 4.669 ± 1.324 | 0.014 ± 0.004 | 0.016 ± 0.007 | 0.072 ± 0.030 | 0.029 ± 0.009 | 0.050 ± 0.036 |
Parameter | Unit | Redykajny Dose Multiplicity | |||||||||
Lake | Ctrl | 0.5 | 1.0 | 2.0 | |||||||
total phosphorus | % reduction | - | - | 55* | 73* | 81* | |||||
pH value | Mean ± SD (pH) | 8.29 ± 0.24 | 8.73 ± 0.21 | 8.38 ± 0.16 | 8.19 ± 0.10 | 8.00 ± 0.46 | |||||
dissolved aluminum | Mean ± SD (mgAl3+ L−1) | 0.012 ± 0.006 | 0.014 ±0.007 | 0.079 ± 0.050 | 0.024 ± 0.008 | 0.021 ± 0.017 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Łopata, M.; Augustyniak, R.; Grochowska, J.; Parszuto, K.; Tandyrak, R. Phosphorus Removal with Coagulation Processes in Five Low Buffered Lakes—A Case Study of Mesocosm Research. Water 2019, 11, 1812. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11091812
Łopata M, Augustyniak R, Grochowska J, Parszuto K, Tandyrak R. Phosphorus Removal with Coagulation Processes in Five Low Buffered Lakes—A Case Study of Mesocosm Research. Water. 2019; 11(9):1812. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11091812
Chicago/Turabian StyleŁopata, Michał, Renata Augustyniak, Jolanta Grochowska, Katarzyna Parszuto, and Renata Tandyrak. 2019. "Phosphorus Removal with Coagulation Processes in Five Low Buffered Lakes—A Case Study of Mesocosm Research" Water 11, no. 9: 1812. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11091812