Oil and Grease as a Water Quality Index Parameter for the Conservation of Marine Biota
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Water Quality Monitoring
2.2. Methodology for the Development of the New ICAMPFF-GA
- Dissolved Oxygen is essential for the survival of the aerobic organisms present in the waterbody. In addition, microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi use the dissolved oxygen to decompose the organic material at the bottom of the water, which contributes to the recycling of nutrients [19]. The high values of dissolved oxygen suggest that more photosynthesis is being produced by the plants than microorganism’s consumption, while the low values suggest that the oxygen is being consumed faster than it is produced, negatively affecting fish and invertebrate populations [23]. In addition, according to Torres, González, Díaz, Espinosa and Cantero [9], dissolved oxygen is one of the most affected parameters by oil and greases.
- The pH of the water is also critical and its measurement in coastal water is important since the acidification of the ocean continues to occur in the ocean basins [23]. The pH can be affected by the concentration of dissolved oxygen and determines which organisms can live and thrive. In addition to this, Knutzen [24] states that the pH tolerance of marine organisms indicates that there is little evidence of damage caused by a decrement in pH of 0.5 to 1.0 pH units.
- BOD is often used to predict the impact of an effluent discharged into the receiving bodies, such as rivers, lakes and the sea, because it indicates the amount of organic matter present in the waterbody [25]. For this reason, a low BOD is an indicator of good water quality, while a high BOD indicates contaminated water. Unpolluted waterbodies usually have BOD values of 2 mg/L or less, while waterbodies that receive sewage may have BOD values of up to 10 mg/L [26].
- Additionally, the abundance of nitrates and phosphorus improve the growth of algae and aquatic plant in the waterbodies. As a consequence, the oxygen concentrations that the aquatic species need to survive diminishes, causing damage to the waterbody [27].
- Fecal Coliforms are a biological contamination indicator, which despite having no value for the preservation of aquatic life, indicate the presence of pathogenic organisms that can pose a risk to human health. For this reason, this parameter was incorporated into the ICAMPFF-GA [28].
- The importance of the suspended solids lies in the fact that as the amount of sediment in the water column increases, the clarity of the water decreases, which makes it difficult for plants to perform photosynthesis. In addition, excessive amounts of suspended sediment can negatively affect animals by making it difficult for them to feed and find food [23].
- Finally, oil and grease have a very low biodegradability. It is for this reason that their release into the environment can affect the biosphere, causing lethal effects like drowning of waterfowl, fish asphyxiation or adverse aesthetic effects of fouled shorelines and beaches, even the thinnest layer of oil and grease will affect aquatic life [16,18]. Although oils of animal or vegetable origin are generally not chemically toxic to humans and aquatic life, such floating oil layers produce similar effects to oils spills [29]. Oils and fats are one of the most common types of water pollutants, which can cause damage to the aquatic environment and can come from different sources, such as wastewater effluents, where the concentrations of oil and grease have been increasing on the last years, because of the use of oil and grease in high-demanded oil-processed foods, establishment and expansion of oil mills and refineries worldwide, as well as indiscriminate discharge of oil and grease into the water drains, domestically and industrially, the spills oil that have been frequently reported in the past decades, caused by the oil production, transportation, bad storage, maintenance activities and offshore drilling [30,31].
2.2.1. Selection of the Average Function
2.2.2. Sub-Index Curves
2.2.3. Water Quality Classification
2.3. Suitability of Application of the Proposed WQI
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Water Quality Data
3.2. Suitability of Application of the Proposed WQI
ICAMPFF-GA
3.3. Comparison of Water Quality Indexes
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Measurements Methods and Water Quality Indexes Characteristics
Appendix A.1. Measurements Methods
Parameters | Method | Standard Method |
---|---|---|
Temperature | Electrometric | SM 2550 B |
pH | Electrometric | SM 4500-H+ B |
Dissolved Oxygen | Electrometric | SM 4500-O C |
Total Suspended Solids | Gravimetric | SM 2540 D |
Turbidity | Nephelometric | SM 2130 B |
BOD5 | Winkler. Incubation 5 days | SM 5210 B 4500 OC |
Phosphates | Photometric | SM 4500 PE |
Total Phosphorus | Photometric | SM 4500 PE |
Ammonium | Photometric | Equivalent to EPA 350. 1 |
Nitrates | Photometric | S.M 4500-NO3 D |
Thermotolerant Coliforms (Fecal) | Multiple tube fermentation | SM 9121 E |
Oil and grease | Gravimetric | SM 5520 B |
Phenols | Gas chromatographic | SM 6420 B |
Hydrocarbons | Gas chromatographic | SM 6440 B |
Appendix A.2. WQI CCME
Parameters | Units | Value |
---|---|---|
pH | UpH | Between 6.5–8.5 |
DO | mg/L | Greater than 4 |
NH4 | mg/L | Less than 0.07 |
NO3 | mg/L | Less than 0.06 |
PO4 | mg/L | Less than 0.015 |
Oil and Grease | mg/L | Less than 0.14 |
Phenols | mg/L | Less than 0.12 |
WQI CCME | ||
---|---|---|
Water quality | Value | Description |
Excellent | 95–100 | The water quality condition is protected with a virtual absence of threat or impairment; conditions are very close to natural levels. |
Good | 80–94 | The water quality condition is protected with only a minor degree of threat or impairment; conditions rarely depart from natural or desirable levels. |
Acceptable | 65–79 | The water quality condition is usually protected but occasionally threatened or impaired; conditions sometimes depart from natural or desirable levels. |
Marginal | 45–64 | The water quality condition is frequently threatened or impaired; conditions often depart from natural or desirable levels. |
Poor | 0–44 | The water quality condition is almost always threatened or impaired; conditions usually depart from natural or desirable levels. |
Appendix A.3. WQI-HL
No. | Parameters | Units | Importance | Temporary Weight | Final Weight (wi) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | OG | mg/L | 1 | 2.5 | 0.17 |
TSS | mg/L | ||||
2 | NH4 | mg/L | 1.5 | 1.7 | 0.11 |
TP | mg/L | ||||
3 | BOD5 | mg/L | 2 | 1.3 | 0.08 |
4 | FC | MPN/100mL | 2.5 | 1 | 0.07 |
DO | %sat |
WQIHL | ||
---|---|---|
Water Quality | Value | Water use ability |
Excellent | 97–100 | Can be used for any purpose. |
Good | 92–96 | Can be used for any purpose, except protection of aquatic life or special aquaculture. |
Medium | 70–91 | Tourism, recreation without direct water contract, ports and navigation, industrial water supply. |
Bad | 35–69 | Ports and navigation, industrial water supply or other purposes which do not need high water quality. |
Very bad | 1–34 | Ports and navigation only. |
I | q | Oils and Greases (mg/L) | TSS (mg/L) | NH4 (mg/L) | TP (mg/L) | BOD5 (mg/L) | FC (MPN/100 ml) | OD % Sat |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 100 | 0 | <=20 | <=0.1 | <=0.02 | <=1.2 | <=100 | 100 |
2 | 67 | 0.1 | 50 | 0.3 | 0.05 | 1.6 | - | 65 or 140 |
3 | 34 | 0.2 | - | 0.5 | 0.5 | 10 | 500 | 40 |
4 | 1 | >0.3 | >100 | >1 | >1 | >20 | 1000 | 20 |
Appendix A.4. ICAM-PFF
Parameters | Units | Weight |
---|---|---|
OD | mg/L | 0.16 |
FC | MPN/100mL | 0.14 |
pH | UpH | 0.12 |
BOD5 | mg/L | 0.13 |
NO3 | μm/L | 0.09 |
PO4 | μm/L | 0.13 |
DDH | μm/L | 0.10 |
TSS | mg/L | 0.13 |
ICAMPFF | ||
---|---|---|
Water Quality | Value | Description |
Optimum | 90–100 | Excellent water quality. |
Adequate | 70–90 | Water with good conditions for aquatic life. |
Acceptable | 50–70 | Water that keeps good conditions and few restrictions on use. |
Inadequate | 26–50 | Water that presents many restrictions of use. |
Poor | 0–25 | Waters with many restrictions that do not allow proper use. |
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Parameter | Units | Weight |
---|---|---|
DO | mg/L | 0.17 |
OG | mg/L | 0.08 |
pH | UpH | 0.13 |
BOD5 | mg/L | 0.15 |
NO3 | mg/L | 0.10 |
FO4 | mg/L | 0.10 |
FC | MPN/100mL | 0.11 |
TSS | mg/L | 0.16 |
ICAMPFF-GA and ICAMPFF | ||
---|---|---|
Water Quality | Value | Options of Actions to Adopt |
Optimum | 91–100 | Characterization, diagnosis and verification. |
Adequate | 71–90 | Monitoring and evaluation: physicochemical and toxic parameters biannual. |
Acceptable | 51–70 | Monitoring, bioassay, control actions and supervision. Evaluate: physicochemical and toxic parameters and make a contingency plan quarterly. |
Inadequate | 26–50 | Monitoring and supervision, bioassay. Evaluate: physicochemical and toxic parameters, contingency plan and application of shock measures quarterly. |
Poor | 0–25 | Water with many restrictions that do not allow proper use. |
Season | Date | Rainfall (mm) | Flow (m3/day) |
---|---|---|---|
Dry | 7 February | 1 | 215,348 |
15 March | 2 | 205,118 | |
18 April | 22 | 213,692 | |
Rain | 9 August | 129 | 248,099 |
12 September | 144 | 243,549 | |
4 October | 239 | 257,545 |
Index | Acronym | Developed by | Equation | Classification | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water Quality Index proposed by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment | WQI CCME | Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment | Equation (3) | Excellent Good Acceptable Marginal Poor | 95–100 80–94 65–79 45–64 0–44 |
Water Quality Index developed in coastal area of Ha-Long Bay, Vietnam | WQIHL | Loan, Đ.; Nguyên, N.T.; Hồi, N. | Equation (4) | Excellent Good Medium Bad Very bad | 97–100 92–96 70–91 35–69 1–34 |
Water Quality Index of Marine and Coastal Waters for the preservation of Marine biota | ICAMPFF | INVEMAR | Equation (5) | Optimum Adequate Acceptable Inadequate Poor | 97–100 92–96 70–91 35–69 1–34 |
Date | Station | pH (UpH) | Temp. (°C) | D.O. (mg/L) | D.O. %sat. | Turb. (UNT) | Oil and Grease (mg/L) | BOD5 (mg/L) | TSS (mg/L) | Phenols (mg/L) | TP (mg/L) | NH4 (mg/L) | PO4 (mg/L) | NO3 (mg/L) | F. Coli (MPN/100mL) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7 February | P1 | 8.04 | 27.00 | 5.87 | 90.00 | 25.05 | 0.60 | 1.75 | 32.94 | <0.1 | 0.81 | <0.28 | <0.46 | x | 2.00 |
P2 | 8.23 | 26.50 | 6.195 | 94.05 | 8.82 | 2.80 | 1.28 | 11.78 | <0.1 | 0.05 | <0.28 | <0.46 | x | 49,000.00 | |
P3 | 8.24 | 26.40 | 6.3 | 95.40 | 6.19 | 2.00 | 1.97 | 12.97 | <0.1 | <0.05 | <0.28 | <0.46 | x | <1.8 | |
P4 | 8.24 | 26.90 | 6.19 | 94.75 | 12.70 | 2.50 | 1.08 | 15.80 | <0.1 | <0.05 | <0.28 | <0.46 | x | 230.00 | |
P7 | 8.23 | 26.40 | 6.315 | 95.55 | 6.90 | 1.30 | 1.33 | 9.44 | <0.1 | <0.05 | <0.28 | <0.46 | x | <1.8 | |
P11 | 8.18 | 26.70 | 6.165 | 94.00 | 13.05 | 2.80 | 0.89 | 16.96 | <0.1 | 0.41 | <0.28 | <0.46 | x | <1.8 | |
15 March | P1 | 7.69 | 26.90 | 6.07 | 92.90 | 33.55 | 2.10 | 2.45 | 27.89 | 0.15 | 0.01 | <0.57 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 2.00 |
P2 | 8.17 | 26.70 | 6.275 | 95.70 | 7.59 | 0.90 | 2.17 | 13.05 | 0.38 | 0.15 | <0.57 | <0.04 | 0.07 | 49,000.00 | |
P3 | 8.18 | 26.80 | 6.36 | 97.25 | 31.20 | 1.50 | 2.37 | 5.91 | 0.10 | 0.04 | <0.57 | <0.04 | 0.11 | 2.00 | |
P4 | 8.16 | 26.70 | 6.26 | 95.40 | 9.50 | 0.00 | 2.49 | 16.04 | 0.10 | 0.05 | <0.57 | <0.04 | 0.05 | 5.00 | |
P7 | 8.19 | 26.80 | 6.345 | 97.00 | 3.57 | 0.60 | 2.84 | 6.77 | <0.10 | 0.16 | <0.57 | <0.04 | 0.03 | 5.00 | |
P11 | 8.02 | 26.90 | 6.255 | 95.65 | 16.88 | 2.00 | 2.90 | 23.52 | 0.21 | 0.03 | <0.57 | <0.04 | 0.25 | 23.00 | |
18 April | P1 | 7.85 | 27.50 | 4.845 | 72.70 | 5.96 | 1.20 | 1.00 | 9.02 | <0.10 | 0.01 | <0.57 | <0.04 | 0.55 | 8.00 |
P2 | 8.14 | 27.25 | 5.03 | 76.95 | 3.38 | 1.20 | 1.85 | 2.21 | <0.10 | 0.03 | 0.58 | <0.04 | 0.12 | 700,000.00 | |
P3 | 8.17 | 27.85 | 5.215 | 80.75 | 3.87 | 2.30 | 1.07 | 2.01 | <0.10 | 0.03 | <0.57 | <0.04 | <0.0104 | 5.00 | |
P4 | 8.18 | 27.50 | 5.195 | 80.10 | 3.22 | 1.90 | 1.28 | 2.26 | <0.10 | 0.07 | <0.57 | <0.04 | 0.34 | 8.00 | |
P7 | 8.18 | 27.95 | 5.235 | 80.90 | 2.04 | 1.30 | 5.04 | 2.92 | <0.10 | 0.32 | <0.57 | <0.04 | 1.24 | 33.00 | |
P11 | 8.18 | 28.00 | 5.065 | 77.80 | 2.02 | 1.70 | 1.29 | 3.05 | 0.12 | 0.83 | <0.57 | <0.04 | 0.09 | 70.00 | |
9 August | P1 | 8.19 | 31.05 | 5.485 | 89.40 | 3.26 | 2.10 | 1.45 | 3.80 | <0.1 | 0.14 | <0.28 | <0.46 | x | 23.00 |
P2 | 8.17 | 30.95 | 5.765 | 93.85 | 4.09 | 2.00 | 1.83 | 3.20 | <0.1 | 0.05 | <0.28 | <0.46 | x | 79.00 | |
P3 | 8.22 | 31.40 | 5.045 | 81.95 | 1.84 | 3.10 | 1.55 | 2.50 | <0.1 | 0.02 | <0.28 | <0.46 | x | 490.00 | |
P4 | 8.23 | 31.15 | 5.41 | 87.40 | 3.36 | 1.80 | 1.35 | 2.40 | <0.1 | 0.06 | <0.28 | <0.46 | x | 23.00 | |
P7 | 8.21 | 31.30 | 5.045 | 82.25 | 1.75 | 2.70 | 2.25 | 3.00 | <0.1 | 0.04 | <0.28 | <0.46 | x | 1100.00 | |
P11 | 8.23 | 30.95 | 5.74 | 93.10 | 3.44 | 1.50 | 3.70 | 2.95 | <0.1 | 0.07 | <0.28 | <0.46 | x | 0.00 | |
12 September | P1 | 8.30 | 30.30 | 5.485 | 87.75 | 1.34 | 2.81 | 2.20 | 2.71 | <0.1 | 0.24 | <0.28 | <0.46 | x | 33.00 |
P2 | 8.20 | 30.25 | 5.65 | 87.95 | 1.88 | 2.58 | 2.70 | 3.44 | <0.1 | 0.19 | <0.28 | <0.46 | x | 8.00 | |
P3 | 8.33 | 30.45 | 5.42 | 87.10 | 1.15 | 2.13 | 1.75 | 2.23 | <0.1 | 0.12 | <0.28 | <0.46 | x | 33.00 | |
P4 | 8.34 | 30.40 | 5.425 | 86.15 | 1.18 | 2.02 | 2.40 | 2.50 | <0.1 | 0.05 | <0.28 | <0.46 | x | 23.00 | |
P7 | 8.28 | 30.25 | 5.43 | 87.85 | 1.36 | 2.32 | 1.70 | 2.60 | <0.1 | 0.03 | <0.28 | <0.46 | x | 13.00 | |
P11 | 8.29 | 30.40 | 5.34 | 85.05 | 1.92 | 1.91 | 2.65 | 3.65 | <0.1 | 0.00 | <0.28 | <0.46 | x | 0.00 | |
4 October | P1 | 8.30 | 29.95 | 5.675 | 66.80 | 1.33 | 3.80 | 1.07 | 2.65 | <0.1 | 0.24 | <0.28 | <0.46 | x | 13.00 |
P2 | 8.25 | 29.95 | 5.68 | 66.80 | 1.14 | 3.19 | 2.52 | 2.55 | <0.1 | 0.19 | <0.28 | <0.46 | x | 8.00 | |
P3 | 8.29 | 30.10 | 6.905 | 81.25 | 1.76 | 3.00 | 2.24 | 2.85 | <0.1 | 0.12 | <0.28 | <0.46 | x | 5.00 | |
P4 | 8.22 | 29.90 | 6.365 | 74.90 | 1.56 | 3.50 | 2.33 | 3.15 | <0.1 | 0.05 | <0.28 | <0.46 | x | 13.00 | |
P7 | 8.29 | 29.80 | 5.75 | 67.65 | 1.62 | 2.60 | 3.36 | 3.00 | <0.1 | 0.03 | <0.28 | <0.46 | x | 17.00 | |
P11 | 8.27 | 30.35 | 7.47 | 87.85 | 2.20 | 1.86 | 3.28 | 4.00 | <0.1 | 0.00 | <0.28 | <0.46 | x | 0.00 |
ICAMPFF-GA | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sampling Point | 2017 | |||||||||||
7 February | 15 March | 18 April | 9 August | 12 September | 4 October | |||||||
P1 | 72.96 | A | 69.64 | Ac | 77.44 | A | 74.01 | A | 68.29 | Ac | 74.37 | A |
P2 | 42.73 | I | 45.45 | I | 45.13 | I | 71.53 | A | 66.67 | Ac | 67.20 | Ac |
P3 | 72.31 | A | 74.21 | A | 77.46 | A | 58.92 | Ac | 71.70 | A | 71.83 | A |
P4 | 69.74 | Ac | 81.65 | A | 77.06 | A | 74.86 | A | 67.98 | Ac | 69.68 | Ac |
P5 | 76.34 | A | 75.59 | A | 78.20 | A | 72.72 | A | 78.15 | A | 75.37 | A |
P6 | 77.22 | A | 71.91 | A | 74.58 | A | 71.57 | A | 71.92 | A | 69.76 | Ac |
P7 | 77.80 | A | 73.10 | A | 76.28 | A | 38.48 | I | 72.40 | A | 63.94 | Ac |
P8 | 65.38 | Ac | 43.66 | I | 77.34 | A | 70.70 | A | 65.26 | Ac | 71.68 | A |
P9 | 75.69 | A | 72.25 | A | 75.98 | A | 71.07 | A | 69.17 | Ac | 78.79 | A |
P10 | 79.16 | A | 72.73 | A | 72.59 | A | 72.30 | A | 73.62 | A | 70.07 | A |
P11 | 75.83 | A | 67.91 | Ac | 75.19 | A | 65.94 | Ac | 66.66 | Ac | 68.23 | Ac |
P12 | 66.35 | Ac | 76.11 | A | 77.96 | A | 66.32 | Ac | 77.17 | A | 70.02 | A |
P13 | 69.17 | Ac | 77.47 | A | 73.77 | A | 67.56 | Ac | 73.43 | A | 67.05 | Ac |
Parameters | ICAMPFF-GA | WQI CCME | WQIHL | ICAMPFF |
---|---|---|---|---|
FC | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
Oil and greases | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
vpH | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
NO3 | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
TSS | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
NH4 | ✔ | ✔ | ||
PO4 | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
TP | ✔ | |||
BOD5 | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
DO | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
DO% sat. | ✔ | |||
Temperature deviation | ||||
Turbidity | ||||
Phenols | ✔ | |||
Hydrocarbons | ✔ | ✔ |
Season | Date | Station | ICAMPFF-GA | WQI CCME | WQIHL | ICAMPFF | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dry | 7 February | P1 | 73 | Adequate | 37 | Poor | 24 | Very Bad | 82 | Adequate |
P2 | 43 | Inadequate | 36 | Poor | 22 | Very Bad | 39 | Inadequate | ||
P3 | 72 | Adequate | 36 | Poor | 31 | Very Bad | 83 | Adequate | ||
P4 | 70 | Acceptable | 35 | Poor | 32 | Very Bad | 79 | Adequate | ||
P7 | 78 | Adequate | 36 | Poor | 32 | Very Bad | 89 | Adequate | ||
P11 | 76 | Adequate | 35 | Poor | 31 | Very Bad | 90 | Adequate | ||
15 March | P1 | 70 | Acceptable | 26 | Poor | 29 | Very Bad | 78 | Adequate | |
P2 | 45 | Inadequate | 28 | Poor | 18 | Very Bad | 39 | Inadequate | ||
P3 | 74 | Adequate | 36 | Poor | 28 | Very Bad | 81 | Adequate | ||
P4 | 82 | Adequate | 60 | Marginal | 76 | Medium | 82 | Adequate | ||
P7 | 73 | Adequate | 49 | Marginal | 27 | Very Bad | 81 | Adequate | ||
P11 | 68 | Acceptable | 36 | Poor | 29 | Very Bad | 78 | Adequate | ||
18 April | P1 | 77 | Adequate | 37 | Poor | 30 | Very Bad | 85 | Adequate | |
P2 | 45 | Inadequate | 35 | Poor | 19 | Very Bad | 39 | Inadequate | ||
P3 | 77 | Adequate | 43 | Poor | 30 | Very Bad | 87 | Adequate | ||
P4 | 77 | Adequate | 34 | Poor | 28 | Very Bad | 88 | Adequate | ||
P7 | 73 | Adequate | 32 | Poor | 26 | Very Bad | 86 | Adequate | ||
P11 | 68 | Acceptable | 36 | Poor | 22 | Very Bad | 85 | Adequate | ||
Rain | 9 August | P1 | 74 | Adequate | 36 | Poor | 31 | Very Bad | 84 | Adequate |
P2 | 72 | Adequate | 36 | Poor | 32 | Very Bad | 80 | Adequate | ||
P3 | 59 | Acceptable | 35 | Poor | 32 | Very Bad | 70 | Adequate | ||
P4 | 75 | Adequate | 36 | Poor | 32 | Very Bad | 86 | Adequate | ||
P7 | 38 | Inadequate | 35 | Poor | 21 | Very Bad | 36 | Inadequate | ||
P11 | 66 | Acceptable | 36 | Poor | 31 | Very Bad | 76 | Adequate | ||
12 September | P1 | 68 | Acceptable | 35 | Poor | 30 | Very Bad | 78 | Adequate | |
P2 | 67 | Acceptable | 35 | Poor | 30 | Very Bad | 75 | Adequate | ||
P3 | 72 | Adequate | 36 | Poor | 31 | Very Bad | 81 | Adequate | ||
P4 | 68 | Acceptable | 36 | Poor | 31 | Very Bad | 79 | Adequate | ||
P7 | 72 | Adequate | 36 | Poor | 33 | Very Bad | 85 | Adequate | ||
P11 | 67 | Acceptable | 36 | Poor | 33 | Very Bad | 78 | Adequate | ||
4 October | P1 | 74 | Adequate | 35 | Poor | 31 | Very Bad | 88 | Adequate | |
P2 | 67 | Acceptable | 35 | Poor | 30 | Very Bad | 77 | Adequate | ||
P3 | 72 | Adequate | 35 | Poor | 31 | Very Bad | 83 | Adequate | ||
P4 | 70 | Acceptable | 35 | Poor | 31 | Very Bad | 83 | Adequate | ||
P7 | 64 | Acceptable | 35 | Poor | 32 | Very Bad | 76 | Adequate | ||
P11 | 68 | Acceptable | 36 | Poor | 33 | Very Bad | 80 | Adequate |
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Eljaiek-Urzola, M.; Romero-Sierra, N.; Segrera-Cabarcas, L.; Valdelamar-Martínez, D.; Quiñones-Bolaños, É. Oil and Grease as a Water Quality Index Parameter for the Conservation of Marine Biota. Water 2019, 11, 856. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11040856
Eljaiek-Urzola M, Romero-Sierra N, Segrera-Cabarcas L, Valdelamar-Martínez D, Quiñones-Bolaños É. Oil and Grease as a Water Quality Index Parameter for the Conservation of Marine Biota. Water. 2019; 11(4):856. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11040856
Chicago/Turabian StyleEljaiek-Urzola, Mónica, Nora Romero-Sierra, Laura Segrera-Cabarcas, David Valdelamar-Martínez, and Édgar Quiñones-Bolaños. 2019. "Oil and Grease as a Water Quality Index Parameter for the Conservation of Marine Biota" Water 11, no. 4: 856. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11040856