Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Composition and Water Quality Evaluation for Different Water Bodies in the Ebinur Lake Watershed, Northwestern China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Site Description and Water Data
3.2. Software
4. Results
4.1. Chemical Composition of Different Water Bodies in Ebinur Lake Basin
4.1.1. Spatial Distribution of Hydrochemical Characteristics of Different Water Bodies
4.1.2. Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Hydrochemical Composition of Different Water Bodies
4.2. Water Quality Analysis of Different Water Bodies
4.2.1. Total Hardness (TH) and Sulfate
4.2.2. Metal Element Concentration
4.2.3. NH3-N, COD, and Volatile Phenol
4.3. The Characteristics of the Watershed Water Cycle Based on Isotope Hydrology
4.3.1. Stable Isotope Compositions
4.3.2. δ2H and δ18O of Different Water Bodies with Altitude Change
4.4. Correlation Analysis of Hydrochemical Characteristics and Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
- (1).
- Shallow groundwater is alkaline and has pH and TDS values lower than those of surface water (river water, reservoir water, and lake water). Ca2+ and SO42− are the major ions in shallow groundwater and river water, whereas lake water and reservoir water are enriched in Na+ and SO42−. With the decrease in elevation, both groundwater and river water are affected by carbonate dissolution at high elevation and by evaporitic rock dissolution at low elevation; thus, the water surrounding Ebinur Lake is subjected to runoff affected by intense evaporation–dissolution of evaporate rocks.
- (2).
- According to the water quality analysis, it is apparent that most groundwater samples in the southwest part of the aquifer are of the Ca2+–HCO3− type and are suitable for domestic and irrigation use. In the eastern part of the aquifer, close to Ebinur Lake, higher concentrations of some water quality indices (sulfate, total hardness, Cr6+, and COD) were observed. Furthermore, both groundwater and reservoir water are polluted to some extent by nearby rivers. Domestic sewage, irrigation water, and mining activities in units located in the southeast part of the watershed or near towns surrounding Ebinur Lake led to a dramatic increase in water contamination.
- (3).
- Of the different water bodies, lake water has the highest δ18O and δ2H values, while surface water (reservoir and Kuitun River) and groundwater tend to be more enriched than river water.
- (4).
- The upstream river water is recharged by glacial meltwater from high mountains, whereas the middle to downstream river water is recharged by low-elevation precipitation. Shallow groundwater and reservoir water are mainly recharged by river water; however, surface evaporation occurs in the process of surface runoff or infiltration after rainfall reaches the ground, which causes isotopic enrichment in the groundwater and reservoir compared to the river, as well as positive hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in the downstream area.
- (5).
- The correlation analysis of hydrochemical indices and hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of all water samples shows that hydrogen and oxygen isotopes have a certain correlation with water quality parameters (especially metal ions and biological indicators). However, the correlation between various parameters in different water bodies is relatively low (R < 0.75), and the correlation between and δ2H and each parameter is greater than that between δ18O and each parameter.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Data Availability Statement
References
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Sample | H | pH | TDS | HCO3− | CO32− | Cl− | SO42− | Mg2+ | Ca2+ | K+ | Na+ | δ2H | δ18O | d-excess | Sampling Location | Sampling Time |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(m) | (mg/L) | (mg/L) | (mg/L) | (mg/L) | (mg/L) | (mg/L) | (mg/L) | (mg/L) | (mg/L) | (‰) | (‰) | (‰) | ||||
River (35 samples) | ||||||||||||||||
B1 | 1931 | 7.8 | 166.9 | 0.0 | 74.0 | 17.3 | 104.5 | 16.1 | 31.1 | 4.5 | 3.0 | −92.7 | −13.5 | 14.9 | Upstream | 5.26 (9, B1–9) |
B2 | 1628 | 8.1 | 244.0 | 2.1 | 100.1 | 24.8 | 93.7 | 20.4 | 40.1 | 1.8 | 4.2 | −80.4 | −12 | 15.1 | Upstream | |
B3 | 1418 | 8.0 | 177.6 | 0.0 | 91.9 | 16.8 | 102.1 | 23.7 | 31.1 | 1.0 | 2.8 | −82.3 | −12.2 | 15.6 | Upstream | |
B4 | 1317 | 8.0 | 195.1 | 0.0 | 96.7 | 26.1 | 106.9 | 14.9 | 35.6 | 1.5 | 5.1 | −79.8 | −12 | 16.1 | Upstream (under the bridge of Wenquan county) | |
B5 | 1274 | 8.2 | 203.0 | 2.9 | 82.7 | 14.2 | 72.0 | 8.8 | 37.1 | 1.6 | 5.0 | −79.4 | −11.9 | 15.8 | Upstream | |
B6 | 1203 | 8.3 | 214.0 | 2.4 | 79.8 | 16.4 | 67.2 | 11.8 | 36.1 | 1.6 | 6.9 | −79.7 | −11.9 | 15.4 | Upstream | |
B7 | 862 | 7.9 | 327.0 | 0.0 | 142.2 | 20.4 | 57.6 | 15.8 | 52.6 | 1.9 | 14.0 | −75.3 | −11.3 | 15.1 | Midstream (under a bridge) | |
B8 | 784 | 7.8 | 330.0 | 3.6 | 125.7 | 28.8 | 49.2 | 24.9 | 40.1 | 1.8 | 14.2 | −74.9 | −11.3 | 15.3 | Midstream | |
B9 | 680 | 8.0 | 359.0 | 2.1 | 138.8 | 23.0 | 69.6 | 29.2 | 37.1 | 1.8 | 15.2 | −74.6 | −11.2 | 14.9 | Midstream (under a bridge) | |
B10 | 606 | 8.2 | 365.0 | 3.8 | 136.9 | 27.5 | 94.9 | 28.2 | 40.1 | 1.9 | 15.6 | −73 | −11 | 14.8 | Midstream (near a town) | |
B11 | 496 | 8.6 | 472.0 | 0.0 | 164.9 | 38.1 | 124.9 | 32.8 | 43.6 | 2.1 | 24.4 | −70.8 | −10.6 | 14.3 | Downstream (from an artificial river) | 5.25 (1, B11) |
B12 | 209 | 8.0 | 851.0 | 4.3 | 149.4 | 66.5 | 317.0 | 55.3 | 54.1 | 3.3 | 43.7 | −71.5 | −10.6 | 13.5 | Downstream (under a bridge) | 5.26 (1, B12) |
B13 | 187 | 8.0 | 1047.0 | 4.3 | 167.8 | 95.7 | 614.8 | 74.1 | 124.2 | 5.8 | 52.4 | −71.5 | −9.9 | 7.8 | Downstream (place in the Abinur Lake) | 5.22 (1, B13) |
Bortala River | - | 8.1 | 380.9 | 2.0 | 119.3 | 32.0 | 144.2 | 27.4 | 46.4 | 2.4 | 15.9 | −77.4 | −11.5 | 14.5 | - | - |
J1 | 589 | 7.9 | 345.0 | 1.4 | 100.6 | 35.5 | 127.3 | 13.1 | 45.1 | 2.0 | 12.3 | −71 | −10.2 | 10.8 | Upstream (surrounded by reeds and Tamarix cones) | 5.2 (9, J1–9) |
J2 | 550 | 7.7 | 340.0 | 0.0 | 111.2 | 28.8 | 140.5 | 18.2 | 46.6 | 1.9 | 12.0 | −71.7 | −10.3 | 10.9 | Upstream | |
J3 | 464 | 7.8 | 338.0 | 0.0 | 113.6 | 32.3 | 102.1 | 15.8 | 45.1 | 1.9 | 12.1 | −70.9 | −10.3 | 11.5 | Upstream | |
J4 | 403 | 7.7 | 340.0 | 0.0 | 116.1 | 29.2 | 118.9 | 14.0 | 48.6 | 2.0 | 11.9 | −71 | −10.6 | 13.5 | Upstream | |
J5 | 388 | 7.7 | 338.0 | 2.1 | 100.1 | 27.0 | 122.5 | 16.7 | 51.1 | 2.0 | 11.7 | −71.1 | −10.9 | 16.3 | Midstream | |
J6 | 290 | 7.6 | 371.0 | 2.9 | 114.1 | 27.5 | 136.9 | 22.8 | 47.6 | 2.7 | 10.8 | −72.2 | −11.3 | 18 | Midstream | |
J7 | 227 | 7.7 | 420.0 | 4.8 | 101.6 | 32.3 | 132.1 | 23.4 | 45.1 | 4.6 | 20.4 | −72.5 | −11.5 | 19.8 | Downstream | |
J8 | 205 | 8.0 | 526.0 | 5.0 | 148.9 | 45.2 | 122.5 | 25.8 | 53.6 | 4.4 | 23.7 | −71.4 | −9.8 | 7.2 | Downstream | |
J9 | 190 | 8.1 | 557.0 | 3.6 | 155.7 | 46.1 | 102.1 | 24.0 | 51.1 | 4.7 | 27.8 | −70.5 | −9.7 | 6.8 | Downstream (place in the Ebinur Lake) | |
Jing River | - | 7.8 | 397.2 | 2.2 | 118.0 | 33.8 | 122.7 | 19.3 | 48.2 | 2.9 | 15.9 | −71.4 | −10.5 | 12.8 | - | - |
A1 | 294 | 7.8 | 3290.0 | 9.5 | 219.1 | 381.1 | 1909.2 | 194.4 | 320.6 | 14.7 | 495.0 | −69.3 | −10.8 | 17.2 | Under the East Bridge | 5.19 (7, A1–7) |
A2 | 284 | 7.9 | 1012.0 | 8.1 | 233.1 | 102.4 | 499.5 | 51.0 | 140.3 | 2.8 | 105.0 | −78 | −12.2 | 19.6 | A small spring around a pond beside the stream, surrounded by reeds and muddy soil | |
A3 | 273 | 7.8 | 1370.0 | 7.1 | 203.1 | 152.4 | 518.7 | 42.5 | 114.2 | 4.2 | 78.3 | −75.6 | −11.6 | 17.2 | A small spring in the trees beside the stream | |
A4 | 258 | 8.5 | 2080.0 | 14.3 | 261.1 | 324.4 | 720.5 | 88.7 | 146.3 | 6.6 | 92.2 | −70.2 | −10.8 | 16.1 | Surrounded by reeds, orchids, and muddy soil | |
A5 | 236 | 8.4 | 3150.0 | 7.6 | 266.5 | 443.1 | 1753.1 | 185.3 | 280.6 | 16.0 | 104.8 | −68.2 | −10.4 | 14.8 | Downstream | |
A6 | 227 | 8.7 | 3210.0 | 14.5 | 220.0 | 429.8 | 1705.1 | 176.2 | 300.6 | 16.5 | 104.5 | −68.5 | −10.1 | 12.3 | Downstream (the water is clear) | |
A7 | 216 | 8.4 | 3270.0 | 10.0 | 249.5 | 407.7 | 1717.1 | 194.4 | 285.6 | 16.7 | 107.6 | −67.8 | −10.1 | 12.9 | Downstream (Duck Bay; the water is clearer and surrounded by few reeds) | |
Aqikesu River | - | 8.2 | 2483.1 | 10.2 | 236.1 | 320.1 | 1260.4 | 133.2 | 226.9 | 11.1 | 155.3 | −71.1 | −10.9 | 15.7 | - | |
K1 | 295 | 7.7 | 906.0 | 0.0 | 114.6 | 107.2 | 504.3 | 45.3 | 51.1 | 4.3 | 52.8 | −62.2 | −8.6 | 6.7 | Between two lakes | 5.28 (5, K1–5) |
K2 | 308 | 7.9 | 1085.0 | 0.0 | 134.4 | 143.1 | 259.4 | 41.3 | 174.3 | 4.4 | 60.7 | −60.4 | −8.4 | 6.6 | From an artificial river | |
K3 | 328 | 7.8 | 990.0 | 0.0 | 130.6 | 122.7 | 537.9 | 47.7 | 55.1 | 3.8 | 56.5 | −65.4 | −9.3 | 9 | From an artificial river | |
K4 | 342 | 8.8 | 6680.0 | 21.4 | 222.4 | 1400.3 | 3218.0 | 224.8 | 831.7 | 7.9 | 1175.0 | −67.3 | −10.3 | 15 | From a canal | |
K5 | 371 | 9.0 | 6640.0 | 10.5 | 242.8 | 1258.5 | 1801.1 | 243.0 | 621.2 | 21.8 | 1260.0 | −66.1 | −10.7 | 19.8 | From a canal | |
K6 | 208 | 7.9 | 4430.0 | 11.9 | 331.3 | 740.0 | 1969.2 | 227.8 | 225.5 | 9.2 | 820.0 | −60.6 | −9.1 | 12 | The lower reaches of the Kuitun Bridge | 5.18 (1, K6) |
Kuitun River | 8.2 | 3455.2 | 7.3 | 196.0 | 628.6 | 1381.7 | 138.3 | 326.5 | 8.6 | 570.8 | −63.7 | −9.4 | 11.5 | |||
Lake (2 samples) | ||||||||||||||||
H1 | 188 | 8.8 | 190,500.0 | 25.0 | 324.0 | 33,899.1 | 94,859.3 | 7138.1 | 8767.5 | 148.9 | 9840.0 | −16.9 | 1.1 | −25.6 | Around Ebinur Lake | 5.24 (1, H1) |
H2 | 187 | 8.8 | 180,000.0 | 21.4 | 292.6 | 31,461.9 | 61,838.6 | 5467.5 | 6262.5 | 146.5 | 9620.0 | −20.8 | −0.2 | −19.4 | Around Ebinur Lake | 5.25 (1, H2) |
Ebinur Lake | 8.8 | 185,250.0 | 23.2 | 308.3 | 32,680.5 | 78,348.9 | 6302.8 | 7515.0 | 147.7 | 9730.0 | −18.9 | 0.5 | −22.5 | |||
Groundwater (6 samples) | ||||||||||||||||
D1 | 682 | 7.7 | 833.0 | 5.7 | 269.4 | 53.2 | 415.5 | 65.0 | 48.6 | 1.6 | 26.1 | −66.2 | −10.2 | 15.7 | Bortala River, a pump well in Hari Morton Village | 5.26 (2, D1–2) |
D2 | 1011 | 7.9 | 399.0 | 5.7 | 148.0 | 29.2 | 63.6 | 19.4 | 65.1 | 1.1 | 11.5 | −72 | −10.9 | 15.3 | Bortala River, a pressurized well water from Zhagan Tunge Township | |
D3 | 217 | 7.9 | 1041.0 | 3.6 | 120.9 | 164.0 | 658.0 | 82.6 | 104.2 | 5.7 | 56.1 | −67.9 | −9.9 | 11 | Jing River, near a railway station | 5.19 (2, D3–4) |
D4 | 215 | 8.2 | 686.0 | 4.8 | 66.7 | 70.9 | 230.5 | 26.7 | 48.1 | 3.1 | 44.8 | −74.2 | −11.1 | 14.8 | Aqikesu River, near Ostrich Station | |
D5 | 212 | 8.2 | 1429.0 | 2.4 | 114.6 | 179.0 | 629.2 | 37.7 | 92.2 | 2.6 | 84.4 | −78.7 | −11.3 | 11.7 | Kuitun River, from a self-reared well nearby Sandakwood | 5.24 (1, D5) |
D6 | 197 | 8.0 | 914.0 | 4.0 | 232.6 | 84.2 | 461.1 | 34.0 | 59.1 | 3.7 | 56.2 | −74.1 | −9.9 | 4.8 | Ebinur Lake Wetland, from Cockbotto Protection Station | 5.23 (1, D6) |
Reservoir (7 samples) | ||||||||||||||||
W1 | 520 | 8.4 | 1869.0 | 0.0 | 156.7 | 195.0 | 883.8 | 94.8 | 184.4 | 3.0 | 78.5 | −70.2 | −10.5 | 13.7 | Bortala River, reservoir | 5.25 (4, W1–4) |
W2 | 370 | 8.2 | 1662.0 | 0.0 | 118.5 | 201.6 | 768.5 | 106.9 | 144.3 | 5.0 | 72.6 | −59.2 | −8.8 | 10.8 | Bortala River (Tasier Reservoir) | |
W3 | 304 | 9.0 | 484.0 | 0.0 | 135.4 | 47.9 | 138.1 | 27.9 | 40.6 | 2.5 | 29.6 | −69.4 | −10.4 | 14 | Bortala River, Gonghaquan Reservoir (No. 1) | |
W4 | 271 | 9.4 | 697.0 | 0.0 | 127.2 | 117.0 | 461.1 | 32.5 | 48.6 | 8.1 | 103.9 | −65.4 | −9.6 | 11.2 | Bortala River, Gonghaquan Reservoir (No. 2) | |
W5 | 607 | 8.0 | 341.0 | 2.1 | 104.9 | 31.0 | 76.8 | 7.9 | 51.1 | 1.9 | 12.0 | −71.1 | −10.3 | 11.1 | Jing River, reservoir | 5.20 (1, W5) |
W6 | 348 | 8.3 | 893.0 | 0.0 | 96.7 | 110.8 | 492.3 | 42.5 | 56.1 | 4.8 | 52.1 | −60.9 | −8.5 | 6.9 | Kuitun River, Liugou Reservoir (No. 2) | 5.28 (2, W6–7) |
W7 | 348 | 8.6 | 940.0 | 4.8 | 9.7 | 112.1 | 458.7 | 44.7 | 55.1 | 3.9 | 55.5 | −66.2 | −10.1 | 14.8 | Kuitun River, Liugou Reservoir (No. 1) |
Water Quality Parameters | Experiment Methods | Light Source of GDYS-201M (nm) | Detection Limit (mg/L) | Measurement Range (mg/L) | Precision | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | COD | Dichromate titration (GB 11914-1989) | 614 (Operation parameters of A digester in standard COD (GDYS-9): 150 °C, 15 min) | 10 | 0.00–500 | ±5% |
2 | NH3-N | Nessler’s reagent spectrophotometry (GB/T5750.5-2006) | 430 | 0.10 | 0.10–5.00 | ±5% |
3 | VP | 4-amino antipyrine spectrophotometric method (GB/T5750.4-2006) | 520 | 0.10 | 0.10–5.00 | ±5% |
4 | Sulfate | Barium chromate spectrophotometric method (GB/T5750.5-2006) | 430 | 5.0 | 0.0–250 | ±5% |
5 | Zn | 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol(PAN) | 538 | 0.05 | 0.00–3.00 | ±5% |
6 | Co | 5 - Br PADAP spectrophotometry | 595 | 0.00–0.50 | ±5% | |
7 | Cu | Copper reagent method (HJ485-2009) | 470 | 0.05 | 0.00–1.00 | ±5% |
8 | Cr6+ | Diphenylcarbazide spectrophotometry (GB/T5750.6-2006) | 520 | 0.01 | 0.00–1.00 | ±5% |
9 | TH | CPPI method | 595 | 12.5 | 0–450 | ±5% |
Water Category | pH | Zn | Cu | Cr6+ | NH3-N | COD | V.P | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mg/L) | (mg/L) | (mg/L) | (mg/L) | (mg/L) | (mg/L) | |||
I | Suitable for source water and National Nature Reserves | 6–9 | ≤0.05 | ≤0.01 | ≤0.01 | ≤0.15 | ≤15 | ≤0.002 |
II | Suitable for the first-class protection area of surface water source area of centralized drinking water, rare aquatic habitats, fish and shrimp production fields, larval and juvenile fish bait farms, etc. | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤0.05 | ≤0.5 | ≤15 | ≤0.002 | |
III | Suitable for the secondary protection area of surface water source area of centralized drinking water, overwintering farms for fish and shrimp, aquaculture areas, and other fishery waters and swimming areas | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤0.05 | ≤1 | ≤20 | ≤0.005 | |
IV | Suitable for the general industrial water area and the recreational water area with non-direct contact with the human body | ≤2 | ≤1 | ≤0.05 | ≤1.5 | ≤30 | ≤0.01 | |
V | Suitable for agricultural water areas and general landscape requirements | ≤2 | ≤1 | ≤0.1 | ≤2 | ≤40 | ≤0.1 |
Water Category | pH | TDS | TH | Zn | Co | Cu | Cr6+ | Sulfate | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mg/L) | (mg/L) | (mg/L) | (mg/L) | (mg/L) | (mg/L) | (mg/L) | |||
I | Suitable for various uses | 6.5–8.5 | ≤300 | ≤150 | ≤0.05 | ≤0.005 | ≤0.01 | ≤0.005 | ≤50 |
II | Suitable for various uses | ≤500 | ≤300 | ≤0.5 | ≤0.05 | ≤0.05 | ≤0.01 | ≤150 | |
III | Suitable for a centralized drinking water source and industrial and agricultural water consumption | ≤1000 | ≤450 | ≤1.0 | ≤0.05 | ≤1.0 | ≤0.05 | ≤250 | |
IV | Suitable for agriculture and some industrial water, and can be used as drinking water after proper treatment | 5.5–6.5, 8.5–9 | ≤2000 | ≤550 | ≤5.0 | ≤1.0 | ≤1.5 | ≤0.1 | ≤350 |
V | Unsuitable for drinking | <5.5, >9 | >2000 | >550 | >5.0 | >1.0 | >1.5 | >0.1 | >350 |
Water Samples | Total Hardness (mg/L) | Sulfate (mg/L) | Cu (mg/L) | Zn (mg/L) | Co (mg/L) | NH3-N (mg/L) | COD (mg/L) | Volatile Phenol (mg/L) | Cr6+ (mg/L) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Range | Mean | Range | Mean | Range | Mean | Range | Mean | Range | Mean | Range | Mean | Range | Mean | Range | Mean | Range | Mean | |
Bortala River | ||||||||||||||||||
Upstream (B1–B6) | 242.3–644.7 | 347.0 | 7.8–27.3 | 16.6 | 0.01–0.24 | 0.10 | 0.00–0.05 | 0.02 | 0.00–0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01–0.65 | 0.23 | 4.0–152.0 | 47.5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01–0.07 | 0.04 |
Midstream (B7–B10) | 299.7–355.8 | 329.3 | 40.7–42.6 | 41.7 | 0.11–0.34 | 0.21 | 0.08–0.10 | 0.10 | 0.01–0.02 | 0.01 | 0.15–0.76 | 0.61 | 9.0–31.0 | 17.3 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00–0.10 | 0.04 |
Downstream (B11–B13) | 550.2–648.1 | 608.4 | 61.4–249.8 | 179.0 | 0.04–0.21 | 0.13 | 0.10–0.40 | 0.29 | 0.02–0.04 | 0.03 | 0.08–0.84 | 0.40 | 19.0–39.0 | 29.7 | 0–2.86 | 1.23 | 0.01–0.06 | 0.03 |
Total (Bortala River) | 256.4–648.1 | 401.9 | 7.8–249.8 | 61.8 | 0.01–0.34 | 0.14 | 0.00–0.40 | 0.10 | 0.00·0.04 | 0.01 | 0.01–0.76 | 0.38 | 4.0–152.0 | 34.1 | 0–2.86 | 0.28 | 0.00–0.07 | 0.04 |
Jing River | ||||||||||||||||||
Upstream (J1–J4) | 279.7–339.6 | 302.4 | 57.4–49.4 | 49.7 | 0.03–0.06 | 0.05 | 0.03–0.10 | 0.06 | 0.00–0.01 | 0.01 | 0.08–0.12 | 0.10 | 19.0–36.0 | 30.3 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00–0.07 | 0.04 |
Midstream (J5–J6) | 298.3–353.4 | 325.9 | 43.2–49.8 | 46.5 | 0.03–0.05 | 0.04 | 0.09–0.10 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.08–0.13 | 0.11 | 4.0–11.0 | 7.5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00–0.02 | 0.01 |
Downstream (J7–J9) | 385.2–559.5 | 455.1 | 61.8–95.1 | 78.0 | 0.06–0.08 | 0.07 | 0.04–0.10 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.11–0.29 | 0.18 | 11.0–624.0 | 218.3 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01–0.02 | 0.02 |
Total (Jing River) | 279.7–559.5 | 358.5 | 43.2–95.1 | 58.4 | 0.03–0.08 | 0.05 | 0.03–0.10 | 0.07 | 0.00–0.02 | 0.01 | 0.08–0.29 | 0.13 | 4.0–624.0 | 87.9 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00–0.07 | 0.03 |
Aqikesu River (A1–A7) | 427.7–800.3 | 683.4 | 187.7–287.0 | 266.0 | 0.03–0.19 | 0.09 | - | - | 0.02–0.13 | 0.07 | 0.06–0.33 | 0.24 | 2.0–28.0 | 14.6 | 0.00–0.29 | 0.04 | 0.00–0.05 | 0.04 |
Kuitun River (K1–K6) | 426.6–722.9 | 594.0 | 229.7–426.0 | 296.7 | 0.02–0.15 | 0.08 | 0.11–0.74 | 0.33 | 0.01–0.21 | 0.09 | 0.14–1.12 | 0.42 | 0.7–396.0 | 84.6 | 0.00–0.75 | 0.19 | 0.00–0.08 | 0.04 |
Total (River) | 242.3–800.3 | 478.0 | 7.8–426.0 | 142.1 | 0.01–0.34 | 0.10 | 0.00–0.74 | 0.14 | 0.00–0.21 | 0.04 | 0.01–1.12 | 0.29 | 0.7–624.0 | 52.7 | 0.00–2.86 | 0.15 | 0.00–0.10 | 0.03 |
Lake (H1–H2) | 630.8–701.0 | 666.0 | 286.6–336 | 311.3 | 0.5–1.65 | 1.08 | 1.13–1.68 | 1.41 | 0.01–0.69 | 0.35 | 7.34–8.56 | 7.95 | 440.0–1264.0 | 856.5 | 0.69–3.07 | 1.88 | 0.18 | 0.18 |
Reservoir (W1–W7) | 314.4–785.8 | 475.4 | 44.5–292.4 | 192.6 | 0.02–0.17 | 0.08 | 0.07–0.45 | 0.19 | 0.01–0.07 | 0.03 | 0.04–0.45 | 0.26 | 17.0–141.0 | 48.0 | 0.00–0.1 | 0.01 | 0.00–0.14 | 0.03 |
Groundwater (D1–D6) | 366.7–628.5 | 461.6 | 37.7–251.5 | 154.0 | 0.05–0.13 | 0.07 | 0.02–0.29 | 0.14 | 0.02–0.04 | 0.03 | N/A | N/A | 17.0–1514.0 | 330.2 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02–0.17 | 0.07 |
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Zhu, S.; Zhang, F.; Zhang, Z.; Kung, H.-t.; Yushanjiang, A. Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Composition and Water Quality Evaluation for Different Water Bodies in the Ebinur Lake Watershed, Northwestern China. Water 2019, 11, 2067. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11102067
Zhu S, Zhang F, Zhang Z, Kung H-t, Yushanjiang A. Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Composition and Water Quality Evaluation for Different Water Bodies in the Ebinur Lake Watershed, Northwestern China. Water. 2019; 11(10):2067. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11102067
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhu, Shidan, Fei Zhang, Zhaoyong Zhang, Hsiang-te Kung, and Ayinuer Yushanjiang. 2019. "Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Composition and Water Quality Evaluation for Different Water Bodies in the Ebinur Lake Watershed, Northwestern China" Water 11, no. 10: 2067. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11102067