Effect of Sand Mulches of Different Particle Sizes on Soil Evaporation during the Freeze–Thaw Period
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site
2.2. Sampling and Measurements
2.3. Calculation of Evaporation from the Micro-Lysimeter
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Frost Depth, Precipitation and Air Temperature
3.2. Soil Evaporation in the Micro-Lysimeter under Sand Mulches with Different Particle Sizes
3.2.1. Cumulative Evaporation
3.2.2. Evaporation Rate
3.3. Factors That Influence Soil Evaporation
3.3.1. Unstable Freezing Stage
3.3.2. Stable Freezing Stage
3.3.3. Thawing Stage
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Components | LD | XS | CS | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eigenvalues | Contribution Rate | Cumulative Contribution Rate | Eigenvalues | Contribution Rate | Cumulative Contribution Rate | Eigenvalues | Contribution Rate | Cumulative Contribution Rate | ||
P1 | 1 | 4.46 | 44.60 | 44.60 | 4.68 | 46.81 | 46.81 | 4.25 | 42.54 | 42.54 |
2 | 2.61 | 26.12 | 70.72 | 2.37 | 23.74 | 70.55 | 2.87 | 28.71 | 71.25 | |
3 | 2.02 | 20.15 | 90.87 | 1.87 | 18.66 | 89.21 | 1.82 | 18.15 | 89.40 | |
4 | 0.77 | 7.73 | 98.60 | 0.74 | 7.44 | 96.65 | 0.91 | 9.11 | 98.51 | |
5 | 0.14 | 1.40 | 100 | 0.34 | 3.35 | 100 | 0.15 | 1.5 | 100 | |
6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | |
7 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | |
8 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | |
9 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | |
10 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | |
P2 | 1 | 5.98 | 59.78 | 59.78 | 5.80 | 57.98 | 57.98 | 5.12 | 51.24 | 51.24 |
2 | 2.44 | 24.38 | 84.16 | 2.32 | 23.20 | 81.18 | 3.18 | 31.78 | 83.02 | |
3 | 0.97 | 9.72 | 93.88 | 1.05 | 10.51 | 91.69 | 1.05 | 10.51 | 93.53 | |
4 | 0.61 | 6.12 | 100 | 0.83 | 8.31 | 100 | 0.65 | 6.47 | 100 | |
5 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | |
6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | |
7 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | |
8 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | |
9 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | |
10 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | |
P3 | 1 | 5.84 | 58.42 | 58.42 | 6.11 | 61.07 | 61.07 | 6.14 | 61.44 | 61.44 |
2 | 2.13 | 21.32 | 79.74 | 1.82 | 18.22 | 79.29 | 1.76 | 17.60 | 79.04 | |
3 | 1.03 | 10.29 | 90.03 | 1.10 | 10.96 | 90.25 | 1.09 | 10.95 | 89.98 | |
4 | 0.74 | 7.43 | 97.46 | 0.72 | 7.17 | 97.41 | 0.74 | 7.43 | 97.41 | |
5 | 0.22 | 2.22 | 99.68 | 0.21 | 2.09 | 99.51 | 0.21 | 2.10 | 99.51 | |
6 | 0.03 | 0.32 | 100 | 0.05 | 0.50 | 100 | 0.05 | 0.49 | 100 | |
7 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | |
8 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | |
9 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | |
10 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 |
Stages | Treatments | Components | x1′ | x2′ | x3′ | x4′ | x5′ | x6′ | x7′ | x8′ | x9′ | x10′ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | LD | 1 | 0.33 | 0.28 | 0.42 | −0.33 | −0.20 | 0.11 | 0.34 | 0.06 | −0.38 | 0.46 |
2 | 0.42 | −0.24 | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.56 | 0.35 | −0.10 | 0.42 | 0.05 | −0.01 | ||
3 | −0.03 | 0.45 | −0.05 | 0.37 | 0.00 | −0.37 | 0.44 | 0.47 | 0.34 | 0.04 | ||
XS | 1 | 0.25 | 0.36 | 0.37 | −0.33 | −0.34 | 0.06 | 0.39 | 0.05 | −0.29 | 0.45 | |
2 | 0.54 | −0.24 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.41 | 0.31 | −0.09 | 0.40 | −0.14 | 0.08 | ||
3 | −0.02 | 0.32 | 0.03 | 0.36 | −0.08 | −0.43 | 0.33 | 0.55 | 0.39 | −0.10 | ||
CS | 1 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.40 | −0.33 | −0.11 | 0.14 | 0.38 | 0.08 | −0.32 | 0.48 | |
2 | 0.43 | −0.32 | 0.29 | 0.35 | 0.53 | 0.28 | −0.17 | 0.34 | −0.09 | −0.03 | ||
3 | 0.05 | 0.33 | −0.05 | 0.31 | 0.01 | −0.43 | 0.38 | 0.59 | 0.32 | −0.05 | ||
P2 | LD | 1 | −0.37 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.36 | 0.23 | −0.15 | −0.30 | 0.40 | 0.39 | −0.26 |
2 | 0.26 | 0.30 | −0.35 | 0.16 | 0.46 | 0.53 | −0.32 | −0.02 | 0.04 | 0.30 | ||
XS | 1 | −0.35 | 0.34 | 0.29 | 0.31 | 0.29 | −0.13 | −0.31 | 0.40 | 0.41 | −0.24 | |
2 | 0.31 | 0.33 | −0.30 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.49 | −0.18 | −0.13 | 0.00 | 0.36 | ||
3 | −0.11 | 0.28 | −0.42 | 0.20 | 0.21 | −0.51 | 0.59 | −0.17 | 0.11 | −0.02 | ||
CS | 1 | −0.41 | 0.28 | 0.35 | 0.11 | −0.17 | −0.20 | −0.30 | 0.44 | 0.41 | −0.30 | |
2 | 0.16 | 0.37 | −0.12 | 0.53 | 0.51 | 0.40 | −0.27 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.17 | ||
3 | −0.11 | 0.34 | −0.52 | 0.19 | 0.10 | −0.43 | 0.53 | −0.08 | 0.22 | −0.19 | ||
P3 | LD | 1 | 0.36 | 0.38 | 0.36 | −0.26 | −0.01 | 0.26 | −0.35 | −0.38 | −0.20 | 0.39 |
2 | −0.12 | 0.18 | −0.22 | 0.53 | 0.66 | −0.01 | −0.31 | −0.10 | −0.30 | −0.02 | ||
3 | 0.24 | 0.10 | −0.28 | −0.03 | 0.24 | 0.35 | −0.19 | 0.29 | 0.72 | 0.18 | ||
XS | 1 | 0.34 | 0.37 | 0.36 | −0.33 | −0.11 | 0.26 | −0.33 | −0.38 | −0.20 | 0.38 | |
2 | 0.04 | 0.22 | −0.24 | 0.43 | 0.71 | −0.01 | −0.42 | −0.05 | −0.12 | 0.08 | ||
3 | 0.39 | −0.02 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.10 | −0.06 | 0.31 | 0.80 | 0.23 | ||
CS | 1 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.35 | −0.32 | −0.18 | 0.27 | −0.32 | −0.38 | −0.20 | 0.38 | |
2 | 0.02 | 0.27 | −0.21 | 0.44 | 0.67 | −0.03 | −0.44 | −0.08 | −0.18 | 0.10 | ||
3 | 0.40 | 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.07 | 0.06 | −0.10 | 0.30 | 0.78 | 0.25 |
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Soil Depth (cm) | Bulk Density (×103 Kg m−3) | Particle Size Distribution | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Clay (%) | Silt (%) | Sand (%) | ||
0–30 | 1.41 | 0.82 | 9.07 | 91.22 |
30–60 | 1.41 | 1.27 | 14.84 | 86.61 |
60–80 | 1.41 | 0.88 | 13.46 | 90.55 |
80–100 | 1.41 | 0.41 | 7.06 | 95.57 |
Treatments | E = a + bt | E = aebt | E = atb | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | b | R2 | a | b | R2 | a | b | R2 | |
LD | 0.0042 | 0.2459 | 0.98 | 1.6841 | 0.0297 | 0.77 | 0.2245 | 1.0155 | 0.99 |
XS | −0.0522 | 0.2522 | 0.94 | 1.3912 | 0.0320 | 0.79 | 0.1700 | 1.0742 | 0.99 |
CS | −0.0980 | 0.2680 | 0.95 | 1.2462 | 0.0340 | 0.80 | 0.1353 | 1.1380 | 0.99 |
Treatments | P1 | P2 | P3 | ADE |
---|---|---|---|---|
LD | 0.297 | 0.301 | 0.366 | 0.323 |
XS | 0.281 | 0.263 | 0.507 | 0.359 |
CS | 0.270 | 0.268 | 0.485 | 0.349 |
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Feng, H.; Chen, J.; Zheng, X.; Xue, J.; Miao, C.; Du, Q.; Xu, Y. Effect of Sand Mulches of Different Particle Sizes on Soil Evaporation during the Freeze–Thaw Period. Water 2018, 10, 536. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10050536
Feng H, Chen J, Zheng X, Xue J, Miao C, Du Q, Xu Y. Effect of Sand Mulches of Different Particle Sizes on Soil Evaporation during the Freeze–Thaw Period. Water. 2018; 10(5):536. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10050536
Chicago/Turabian StyleFeng, Huijun, Junfeng Chen, Xiuqing Zheng, Jing Xue, Chunyan Miao, Qi Du, and Yongxin Xu. 2018. "Effect of Sand Mulches of Different Particle Sizes on Soil Evaporation during the Freeze–Thaw Period" Water 10, no. 5: 536. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10050536