Characteristics of Carbonaceous Species in PM2.5 in Wanzhou in the Hinterland of the Three Gorges Reservior of Northeast Chongqing, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling Site
2.2. Sampling and Analysis
Sampling Period | Temperature (°C) | Relative Humidity (%) | Wind Speed (m·s−1) | Wind Direction (°) | Total Solar Radiation (w·m−2) | Atmospheric Pressure (v) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
January 2013 | 5.2–12.2 (8.3) | 57.6–97.8 (79.6) | 0.50–1.10 (0.67) | 97.3–261.9 (152.7) | 7.5–133.0 (58.2) | 974.5–994.9 (985.9) |
April 2013 | 15.1–23.2 (18.9) | 66.1–98.0 (80.7) | 0.55–1.56 (0.85) | 91.5–168.0 (124.6) | 16.7–254.2 (125.3) | 968.6–976.0 (982.1) |
July 2013 | 24.9–33.1 (30.2) | 55.2–98.9 (67.9) | 0.65–1.44 (0.98) | 92.1–162.3 (117.2) | 40.2–309.5 (216.6) | 961.0–967.6 (964.3) |
October 2013 | 13.5–24.8 (19.6) | 50.0–98.0 (77.6) | 0.57–1.31 (0.72) | 89.5–182.2 (121.2) | 12.0–204.4 (112.0) | 975.1–988.5 (982.2) |
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. PM2.5 Concentrations
Season | Sample Numbers | PM2.5 Concentration (μg·m−3) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | Average | ||
Winter | 14 | 104.3 | 483.8 | 236.0 ± 104.5 |
Spring | 10 | 29.7 | 169.7 | 77.5 ± 48.0 |
Summer | 14 | 41.7 | 98.7 | 73.4 ± 19.5 |
Fall | 10 | 72.3 | 188.9 | 114.3 ± 35.4 |
Total | 48 | 29.7 | 483.8 | 125.3 ± 76.1 |
3.2. Concentrations and Seasonal Variations of OC, EC, and TC
City | Period | Site Description | OC | EC | TC | OC/EC | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wanzhou, Chongqing | Winter 2013 | Urban commercial-residential-cultural | 62.8 | 20.5 | 83.3 | 3.0 | This study |
Spring 2013 | 9.9 | 4.9 | 14.9 | 2.1 | This study | ||
Summer 2013 | 7.9 | 4.2 | 12.9 | 1.6 | This study | ||
Fall 2013 | 13.9 | 5.1 | 18.1 | 3.3 | This study | ||
Year 2013 | 23.6 | 8.7 | 32.3 | 2.5 | This study | ||
Downtown Chongqing | March 2005~February 2006 | Urban residential | 30.1 | 6.4 | 36.5 | 4.7 | [19] |
Tongliang, Chongqing | March 2002~February 2003 | Urban commercial/residential | 30.8~42.6 | 9.70~12.2 | 40.5~54.7 | 3.2~3.5 | [20] |
Beijing | Winter, 24 September 1999~28 September 2000 | Urban kerbside | 31.5 | 11.1 | 42.6 | 2.8 | [21] |
Spring, 24 September 1999~28 September 2000 | 18.2 | 6.7 | 24.9 | 2.7 | [21] | ||
Summer, 24 September 1999~28 September 2000 | 13.4 | 6.3 | 19.7 | 2.1 | [21] | ||
Fall, 24 September 1999~28 September 2000 | 28.8 | 10.2 | 39.0 | 2.8 | [21] | ||
Year | 23.0 | 8.6 | 31.5 | 2.6 | [21] | ||
Tianjin | Winter 2008 | Urban commercial-residential | 22.9 | 5.6 | 28.5 | 3.8 | [22] |
Spring 2008 | 14.4 | 5.0 | 19.4 | 3.0 | [22] | ||
Summer 2008 | 10.2 | 5.5 | 15.7 | 1.8 | [22] | ||
Fall 2008 | 20.2 | 6.5 | 22.6 | 2.8 | [22] | ||
Year | 16.9 | 5.7 | 21.6 | 2.9 | [22] | ||
Zhengzhou | Spring 2010 | Urban industrial | 15.4 | 3.0 | 18.4 | 5.1 | [23] |
Summer 2010 | 10.0 | 1.8 | 11.8 | 5.6 | [23] | ||
Fall 2010 | 18.7 | 5.4 | 24.1 | 3.5 | [23] | ||
Winter 2010 | 27.1 | 4.7 | 31.8 | 5.8 | [23] | ||
Year 2010 | 17.8 | 3.7 | 21.5 | 5.0 | [23] | ||
Xiamen | Spring, April 2009 | Urban residential-traffic-commercial | 12.9 | 2.2 | 15.1 | 6.2 | [24] |
Summer, July 2009 | 9.9 | 2.3 | 12.2 | 4.4 | [24] | ||
Fall, October 2009 | 24.2 | 3.7 | 27.9 | 6.6 | [24] | ||
Winter, January 2010 | 30.1 | 5.0 | 35.1 | 6.1 | [24] | ||
Year 2009 | 19.3 | 3.3 | 22.6 | 5.8 | [24] | ||
Taiyuan | Winter, December 2005, January–February 2006 | Urban residential-traffic | 28.9 | 4.8 | 33.5 | 7.0 | [25] |
Xi’an | Winter 2003 | Urban residential | 61.9 | 12.3 | 74.2 | 5.1 | [26] |
Fall 2003 | 34.1 | 11.3 | 45.4 | 3.3 | [26] | ||
Shanghai | October 2005–February 2006 | Urban residential-traffic-commercial | 14.7 | 2.8 | 17.5 | 5.0 | [27] |
Guangzhou | July-November 2002 | Urban residential | 21.4 | 5.7 | 27.1 | 3.8 | [28] |
Nanjing | February–September 2001 | Urban core | 13.2 | 3.7 | 16.9 | 3.6 | [29] |
Hong Kong | August 2004–March 2005 | Near city industrial | 12.0 | 3.4 | 15.4 | 3.5 | [30] |
3.3. Relationship between OC and EC
3.4. Estimation of the SOC Concentration
Season | SOC (μg·m−3) | SOC/OC (%) | TCA a (μg·m−3) | TCA/PM2.5 (%) | SOA b (μg·m−3) | SOA/PM2.5 (%) | OC/PM2.5 (%) | EC/PM2.5 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Winter | 24.6 ± 14.5 | 38.9 ± 6.5 | 121.0 ± 56.5 | 50.9 ± 6.7 | 39.4 ± 23.2 | 15.7 ± 5.6 | 26.3 ± 3.8 | 8.9 ± 1.1 |
Spring | 4.2 ± 3.9 | 34.3 ± 24.8 | 26.4 ± 12.3 | 23.1 ± 7.4 | 6.6 ± 6.2 | 7.4 ± 4.9 | 14.3 ± 4.1 | 8.3 ± 4.4 |
Summer | 1.7 ± 1.3 | 20.8 ± 13.1 | 17.6 ± 2.7 | 25.1 ± 6.0 | 2.8 ± 2.1 | 3.8 ± 2..6 | 11.2 ± 2.6 | 7.3 ± 2.1 |
Fall | 5.4 ± 4.4 | 35.0 ± 18.9 | 20.8 ± 8.1 | 31.2 ± 10.4 | 8.6 ± 7.1 | 7.0 ± 5.1 | 12.1 ± 4.1 | 3.8 ± 1.3 |
Year | 9.0 ± 10.5 | 32.3 ± 7.9 | 46.5 ± 49.8 | 32.6 ± 12.7 | 14.4 ± 16.9 | 8.5 ± 5.1 | 16.0 ± 7.0 | 7.1 ± 2.3 |
3.5. OC, EC and TCA Contributions to PM2.5
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zhang, L.; Huang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Yang, F.; Lan, G.; Fu, C.; Wang, J. Characteristics of Carbonaceous Species in PM2.5 in Wanzhou in the Hinterland of the Three Gorges Reservior of Northeast Chongqing, China. Atmosphere 2015, 6, 534-546. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos6040534
Zhang L, Huang Y, Liu Y, Yang F, Lan G, Fu C, Wang J. Characteristics of Carbonaceous Species in PM2.5 in Wanzhou in the Hinterland of the Three Gorges Reservior of Northeast Chongqing, China. Atmosphere. 2015; 6(4):534-546. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos6040534
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Liuyi, Yimin Huang, Yuan Liu, Fumo Yang, Guoxin Lan, Chuan Fu, and Jun Wang. 2015. "Characteristics of Carbonaceous Species in PM2.5 in Wanzhou in the Hinterland of the Three Gorges Reservior of Northeast Chongqing, China" Atmosphere 6, no. 4: 534-546. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos6040534
APA StyleZhang, L., Huang, Y., Liu, Y., Yang, F., Lan, G., Fu, C., & Wang, J. (2015). Characteristics of Carbonaceous Species in PM2.5 in Wanzhou in the Hinterland of the Three Gorges Reservior of Northeast Chongqing, China. Atmosphere, 6(4), 534-546. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos6040534