Diurnal Characteristics and Long-Term Changes in Extreme Precipitation in the Republic of Korea

Kim, Do-Hyun; Kim, Jin-Uk; Shim, Jaekwan; Chung, Chu-Yong; Boo, Kyung-On; Shim, Sungbo

doi:10.3390/atmos16070780

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Diurnal Characteristics and Long-Term Changes in Extreme Precipitation in the Republic of Korea

by

Do-Hyun Kim

^1,*

,

Jin-Uk Kim

¹,

Jaekwan Shim

¹,

Chu-Yong Chung

¹

,

Kyung-On Boo

¹

and

Sungbo Shim

²

¹

Climate Change Research Team, National Institute of Meteorological Sciences (NIMS), Seogwipo 63568, Republic of Korea

²

Climate Crisis Cooperation Division, Climate Science Bureau, Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA), Daejoen 35208, Republic of Korea

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 780; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070780 (registering DOI)

Submission received: 1 May 2025 / Revised: 3 June 2025 / Accepted: 21 June 2025 / Published: 25 June 2025

(This article belongs to the Section Meteorology)

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Abstract

In this study, diurnal characteristics and long-term changes in extreme precipitation (PR) in the Republic of Korea (KR) are investigated. Hourly PR data from 59 ASOS stations across the country over a 50-year period (1973–2022) are used. The focus is on the summer season (June to September), during which extreme PR frequently occurs. During the period 1973–1997 (FP), both the amount and frequency of extreme PR events peak between 01 and 09 LST. In contrast, during the period 1998–2022 (LP), a notable increase in extreme PR and its frequency is observed between 04 and 12 LST, with the peak occurrence hours shifting to this time frame. An analysis of atmospheric variables related to extreme PR is conducted for the 04–12 LST time frame. Compared to all PR events during the summer season, a low-level low-pressure anomaly is found west of the KR, leading to southerly winds and positive specific humidity anomalies over the south of the KR. Relative to the FP period, both the amplitude and frequency of high water vapor content have increased during the LP period. This intensified moisture may be associated with the observed increase in extreme PR during 04–12 LST. However, no significant changes are found in the strength and frequency of the southerly wind.

Keywords: extreme precipitation; diurnal characteristics; long-term changes

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MDPI and ACS Style

Kim, D.-H.; Kim, J.-U.; Shim, J.; Chung, C.-Y.; Boo, K.-O.; Shim, S. Diurnal Characteristics and Long-Term Changes in Extreme Precipitation in the Republic of Korea. Atmosphere 2025, 16, 780. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070780

AMA Style

Kim D-H, Kim J-U, Shim J, Chung C-Y, Boo K-O, Shim S. Diurnal Characteristics and Long-Term Changes in Extreme Precipitation in the Republic of Korea. Atmosphere. 2025; 16(7):780. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070780

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kim, Do-Hyun, Jin-Uk Kim, Jaekwan Shim, Chu-Yong Chung, Kyung-On Boo, and Sungbo Shim. 2025. "Diurnal Characteristics and Long-Term Changes in Extreme Precipitation in the Republic of Korea" Atmosphere 16, no. 7: 780. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070780

APA Style

Kim, D.-H., Kim, J.-U., Shim, J., Chung, C.-Y., Boo, K.-O., & Shim, S. (2025). Diurnal Characteristics and Long-Term Changes in Extreme Precipitation in the Republic of Korea. Atmosphere, 16(7), 780. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070780

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Diurnal Characteristics and Long-Term Changes in Extreme Precipitation in the Republic of Korea

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