Impact of Water-Based Coating Substitution on VOCs Emission Characteristics for the Surface-Coating Industries and Policy Effectiveness: A Case Study in Jiangsu Province, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Measurement
2.2. Emission Inventory
2.3. Source Profiles and OFP Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Emission Characteristics
3.1.1. VOCs Emission Factors
3.1.2. Sector-Based VOCs Source Profiles and OFP
3.2. Emission Inventory
3.2.1. Source Contributions
3.2.2. Characteristics of VOCs Species and OFP
3.3. Scenarios of Emission Reduction
3.3.1. Scenario Settings
3.3.2. Scenario Predictions
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sources | Sub-Sectors | NO. of Samples for VOCs Content Testing | NO. of Samples for Source Profiles Establishing |
---|---|---|---|
Furniture manufacturing | Solvent-based | 90 | 5 |
Water-based | 20 | 4 | |
Auto manufacturing | Solvent-based | 30 | 12 |
Water-based | 11 | 6 | |
Shipbuilding | Solvent-based | 13 | 9 |
Water-based | 17 | 6 | |
Container manufacturing | Solvent-based | 29 | 2 |
Water-based | 30 | 12 | |
Construction machinery manufacturing | Solvent-based | 24 | 5 |
Water-based | 16 | 5 | |
Total | 280 | 66 |
Sources | Sub-Sectors | VOCs Content (g L−1) | Emission Factor (kg kg−1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Range | Averaged | |||
Furniture manufacturing | Solvent-based | 378~757 | 606 ± 65.9 | 0.51 |
Water-based | 155~372 | 243 ± 52.1 | 0.20 | |
Auto manufacturing | Solvent-based | 438~838 | 590 ± 132.6 | 0.49 |
Water-based | 248~468 | 393 ± 65.6 | 0.14 | |
Shipbuilding | Solvent-based | 321~685 | 532 ± 101.1 | 0.45 |
Water-based | 78~343 | 223 ± 65.0 | 0.19 | |
Container manufacturing | Solvent-based | 245~589 | 484 ± 80.5 | 0.40 |
Water-based | 47~345 | 208 ± 84.4 | 0.17 | |
Construction machinery manufacturing | Solvent-based | 426~723 | 532 ± 95.9 | 0.44 |
Water-based | 156~435 | 293 ± 90.6 | 0.24 |
Sources | References | Aromatics (%) | OVOCs (%) | Alkanes (%) | Alkenes (%) | Others (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Automobile manufacturing | [16] a | 66.3 | 31.7 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
[12] b | 69.7 | 15.1 | 11.7 | 1.2 | 2.2 | |
This study c | 49.5 | 20.5 | 14.4 | 0.4 | 15.1 | |
Shipbuilding | [16] | 92.2 | 6.5 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.7 |
[12] | 70.7 | 22.7 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 5.1 | |
This study | 66.1 | 16.7 | 2.3 | 8.0 | 6.7 | |
Furniture manufacturing | [16] | 64.7 | 27.5 | 5.9 | 0.0 | 2.0 |
[12] | 87.1 | 0.0 | 7.7 | 0.7 | 4.5 | |
This study | 68.6 | 12.7 | 9.3 | 2.2 | 7.1 | |
Construction machinery manufacturing | [16] | 62.1 | 20.9 | 13.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
[12] | 76.5 | 10.3 | 2.9 | 3.4 | 6.9 | |
This study | 41.2 | 23.3 | 10.9 | 9.9 | 14.7 |
Emissions | OFP | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
VOCs Species | Contributions | VOCs Species | Contributions | |
Solvent-based coatings | M/p-xylene | 19.7% ± 0.165 | M/p-xylene | 36.0% ± 0.165 |
Ethylbenzene | 7.7% ± 0.045 | 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene | 19.2% ± 0.045 | |
Ethyl acetate | 7.3% ± 0.039 | 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene | 9.6% ± 0.039 | |
Ortho-xylene | 6.6% ± 0.054 | Ortho-xylene | 7.9% ± 0.054 | |
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene | 5.9% ± 0.039 | 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene | 3.5% ± 0.039 | |
N-propylbenzene | 5.4% ± 0.066 | Ethylbenzene | 3.4% ± 0.066 | |
Methylbenzene | 4.9% ± 0.039 | Propene | 3.2% ± 0.039 | |
Propanone | 4.5% ± 0.029 | Methyl methacrylate | 2.2% ± 0.029 | |
1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene | 3.3% ± 0.031 | Methylbenzene | 2.0% ± 0.031 | |
Isopropanol | 3.1% ± 0.027 | N-propylbenzene | 1.7% ± 0.027 | |
Total alkanes | 9.7% ± 0.039 | Total alkanes | 0.8% ± 0.039 | |
Total alkenes | 5.0% ± 0.037 | Total alkenes | 7.8% ± 0.037 | |
Total aromatics | 55.4% ± 0.113 | Total aromatics | 87.1% ± 0.113 | |
Total OVOCs | 18.6% ± 0.042 | Total OVOCs | 4.1% ± 0.042 | |
Others | 11.3% ± 0.049 | Others | 0.1% ± 0.049 | |
Water-based coatings | Propanone | 9.9% ± 0.032 | 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene | 20.3% ± 0.013 |
Dichloromethane | 8.9% ± 0.059 | M/p-xylene | 8.4% ± 0.010 | |
Dichloroethane | 8.5% ± 0.096 | Ortho-xylene | 6.8% ± 0.013 | |
Isopropanol | 7.0% ± 0.039 | 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene | 5.7% ± 0.002 | |
2-Butanone | 6.5% ± 0.042 | Ethene | 4.7% ± 0.009 | |
Alcohol | 5.2% ± 0.054 | 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene | 4.3% ± 0.003 | |
Propane | 4.2% ± 0.028 | Propene | 4.2% ± 0.003 | |
Isopentane | 2.9% ± 0.019 | 2-Butanone | 3.7% ± 0.042 | |
Ethane | 2.9% ± 0.028 | Tetrahydrofuran | 3.6% ± 0.021 | |
Isobutane | 2.6% ± 0.011 | 1-Butene | 3.1% ± 0.001 | |
Total alkanes | 21.1% ± 0.106 | Total alkanes | 7.5% ± 0.106 | |
Total alkenes | 3.1% ± 0.009 | Total alkenes | 20.3% ± 0.009 | |
Total aromatics | 11.2% ± 0.049 | Total aromatics | 54.0% ± 0.049 | |
Total OVOCs | 30.2% ± 0.091 | Total OVOCs | 12.8% ± 0.091 | |
Others | 34.5% ± 0.197 | Others | 4.0% ± 0.197 |
Sources | Proportion of Paint Consumption (%) | Emission Inventory | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Solvent-Based | Water-Based | Other | Emissions a | Percentage | |
Furniture manufacturing | 78 | 12 | 10 | 14.7 | 11.0% |
Auto manufacturing | 63 | 31 | 6 | 19.2 | 14.3% |
Shipbuilding | 93 | 5 | 2 | 23.2 | 17.3% |
Container manufacturing | 8 | 92 | 0 | 6.1 | 4.6% |
Machinery manufacturing | 80 | 10 | 10 | 19.1 | 14.3% |
Metal products | 82 | 8 | 10 | 18.7 | 14.0% |
Electronic equipment | 85 | 7 | 8 | 22.2 | 16.6% |
Textiles | 95 | 5 | 0 | 10.7 | 8.0% |
Total | 74 | 19 | 7 | 133.9 | 100.0% |
Control Technologies | Field | 2020 | Scenario A | Scenario B | Scenario C | Scenario D | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2025 | 2030 | 2025 | 2030 | 2025 | 2030 | 2025 | 2030 | |||
Substitution of Coatings with low VOCs content | Substitution proportion (%) in technically mature fields (furniture manufacturing, construction machinery manufacturing, etc.) | 22% | 30% | 50% | 40% | 80% | 30% | 50% | 40% | 80% |
Substitution proportion (%) in technically immature fields (plastic parts spraying, shipbuilding, etc.) | 5% | 10% | 15% | 20% | 40% | 10% | 15% | 20% | 40% | |
Application of end-pipe treatment technology | Application proportion (%) of simple and low-efficiency treatment technology | 80% | 60% | 30% | 60% | 30% | 40% | 15% | 40% | 15% |
Application proportion (%) of high-efficiency treatment technology (enterprises outside the substitution) | 15% | 25% | 50% | 25% | 50% | 40% | 75% | 40% | 75% |
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Xia, S.; Zhao, Q.; Ji, J.; Wu, R.; Chen, L.; Yin, Y.; Liu, Q. Impact of Water-Based Coating Substitution on VOCs Emission Characteristics for the Surface-Coating Industries and Policy Effectiveness: A Case Study in Jiangsu Province, China. Atmosphere 2023, 14, 662. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14040662
Xia S, Zhao Q, Ji J, Wu R, Chen L, Yin Y, Liu Q. Impact of Water-Based Coating Substitution on VOCs Emission Characteristics for the Surface-Coating Industries and Policy Effectiveness: A Case Study in Jiangsu Province, China. Atmosphere. 2023; 14(4):662. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14040662
Chicago/Turabian StyleXia, Sijia, Qiuyue Zhao, Junhong Ji, Rongrong Wu, Lingxiao Chen, Yin Yin, and Qian Liu. 2023. "Impact of Water-Based Coating Substitution on VOCs Emission Characteristics for the Surface-Coating Industries and Policy Effectiveness: A Case Study in Jiangsu Province, China" Atmosphere 14, no. 4: 662. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14040662