Investigating the Phytotoxic Potential of Helianthus annuus on Germination and Seedling Morphological Parameters of Two Target Poaceae Species: Spring Barley and Spring Wheat
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Collection of Plant Materials
2.2. Details of the Laboratory Experiment
2.3. Germination and Biometric Parameters
2.4. Biologically Active Compounds
2.5. Allelopathic Potential Determination
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Sunflower Extracts on Germination of Spring Barley and Spring Wheat at 5 DAS
3.1.1. Spring Barley
3.1.2. Spring Wheat
3.2. Effect of Sunflower Extracts on Morphological Parameters of Spring Barley and Spring Wheat at 8 DAS and 14 DAS
3.2.1. Root Length (RL) and Shoot Length (SL) of Spring Barley
3.2.2. Root Length (RL) and Shoot Length (SL) of Spring Wheat
3.2.3. Root Fresh Mass (RFM) and Shoot Fresh Mass (SFM) of Spring Barley and Spring Wheat
3.3. Allelopathic Effects of Sunflower Aqueous Extract on Spring Barley and Spring Wheat
3.4. The Amount of Biologically Active Compounds
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Donor Plant GS | Plant Part | Concentration % | Spring Barley | Spring Wheat | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SG | GI | SG | GI | |||
Data averaged across plant parts and extract concentration | ||||||
FS | 3.1 a | 0.63 a | 5.3 a | 1.07 a | ||
RS | 4.8 b | 0.97 b | 8.0 b | 1.59 b | ||
Data averaged across donor plant GS and extract concentration | ||||||
L + S | 3.8 a | 0.75 a | 5.3 a | 1.06 a | ||
H | 3.8 a | 0.76 a | 6.2 b | 1.24 b | ||
R | 4.4 a | 0.88 a | 8.5 c | 1.69 c | ||
Data averaged across donor plant GS and plant part | ||||||
0 | 10.0 a | 2.00 a | 10.0 a | 2.00 a | ||
25 | 3.7 b | 0.73 b | 7.8 b | 1.57 b | ||
50 | 2.0 c | 0.40 c | 6.2 c | 1.23 c | ||
75 | 3.5 b | 0.70 b | 5.2 d | 1.03 d | ||
100 | 0.8 d | 0.15 d | 4.1 e | 0.82 e | ||
Mean squares (percentage of the sum of squares between parentheses) and effect of factors and their interaction and significance. | ||||||
Donor plant GS (A) | 86.7 ** (4.6) | 3.47 ** (4.6) | 208.0 ** (14.3) | 8.32 ** (14.3) | ||
Plant parts (B) | 5.2 (0.6) | 0.21 (0.6) | 105.3 ** (14.5) | 4.21 ** (14.5) | ||
Extract concentration (C) | 305.5 ** (64.3) | 12.22 ** (64.3) | 129.9 ** (35.7) | 5.20 ** (35.7) | ||
A × B | 5.7 (0.6) | 0.23 (0.6) | 18.2 ** (2.5) | 0.73 ** (2.5) | ||
A × C | 25.2 ** (5.3) | 1.01 ** (5.3) | 22.5 ** (6.2) | 0.90 ** (6.2) | ||
B × C | 4.6 (1.9) | 0.18 (1.9) | 19.1 ** (10.5) | 0.76 ** (10.5) | ||
A × B × C | 6.1 (2.6) | 0.24 (2.6) | 9.1 ** (5.0) | 0.36 ** (5.0) |
Donor Plant GS | Plant Part | Concentration % | Spring Barley | Spring Wheat | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8 DAS | 14 DAS | 8 DAS | 14 DAS | |||
Data averaged across plant parts and extract concentration | ||||||
FS | 0.30 a | 0.56 a | 0.63 a | 0.97 a | ||
RS | 0.39 b | 0.83 b | 1.00 b | 1.87 b | ||
Data averaged across donor plant GS and extract concentration | ||||||
L + S | 0.36 a | 0.62 a | 0.68 a | 1.10 a | ||
H | 0.29 b | 0.41 a | 0.75 b | 1.18 a | ||
R | 0.38 a | 1.06 c | 1.02 c | 1.99 b | ||
Data averaged across donor plant GS and plant part | ||||||
0 | 1.19 a | 1.61 a | 2.64 a | 3.13 a | ||
25 | 0.22 b | 1.13 b | 0.76 b | 2.37 b | ||
50 | 0.15 c | 0.48 c | 0.40 c | 0.98 c | ||
75 | 0.14 c | 0.23 c | 0.19 d | 0.53 d | ||
100 | 0.03 d | 0.04 d | 0.10 d | 0.11 e | ||
Mean squares (percentage of the sum of squares between parentheses) and effect of factors and their interaction and significance | ||||||
Donor plant GS (A) | 0.25 ** (1.0) | 2.19 ** (2.5) | 4.09 ** (3.2) | 24.41 ** (8.9) | ||
Plant parts (B) | 0.09 ** (0.7) | 4.34 ** (10.0) | 1.36 ** (2.1) | 9.81 ** (7.1) | ||
Extract concentration (C) | 5.48 ** (89.4) | 10.29 ** (47.6) | 26.52 ** (83.1) | 39.12 ** (56.8) | ||
A × B | 0.01 (0.1) | 0.26 (0.6) | 0.65 ** (1.0) | 1.43 * (1.0) | ||
A × C | 0.07 ** (1.1) | 0.52 (2.4) | 1.06 ** (3.3) | 6.23 ** (9.0) | ||
B × C | 6.03 ** (2.5) | 1.23 ** (11.4) | 0.31 ** (1.9) | 1.47 ** (4.3) | ||
A × B × C | 1.32 (0.6) | 0.14 (1.3) | 0.27 ** (1.7) | 0.81 * (2.4) |
Donor Plant GS | Plant Part | Concentration % | Spring Barley | Spring Wheat | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8 DAS | 14 DAS | 8 DAS | 14 DAS | |||
Data averaged across plant parts and extract concentration | ||||||
FS | 0.81 a | 2.16 a | 0.61 a | 1.81 a | ||
RS | 1.03 b | 3.15 b | 1.05 b | 4.09 b | ||
Data averaged across donor plant GS and extract concentration | ||||||
L + S | 1.01 a | 2.71 a | 0.72 a | 2.24 a | ||
H | 0.82 b | 2.14 b | 0.72 a | 2.47 a | ||
R | 0.94 b | 3.11 c | 1.04 b | 4.14 b | ||
Data averaged across donor plant GS and plant part | ||||||
0 | 3.35 a | 7.52 a | 2.64 a | 6.81 a | ||
25 | 0.46 b | 2.83 b | 0.82 b | 4.28 b | ||
50 | 0.28 b | 1.16 c | 0.38 c | 2.12 c | ||
75 | 0.39 b | 1.42 c | 0.25 c | 1.33 d | ||
100 | 0.13 c | 0.35 d | 0.06 d | 0.20 e | ||
Mean squares (percentage of the sum of squares between parentheses) and effect of factors and their interaction and significance | ||||||
Donor plant GS (A) | 1.54 ** (0.8) | 29.23 ** (2.7) | 6.05 ** (4.2) | 155.91 ** (12.3) | ||
Plant parts (B) | 0.38 (0.4) | 9.52 ** (1.7) | 1.37 ** (1.9) | 48.09 ** (6.8) | ||
Extract concentration (C) | 44.63 ** (87.7) | 196.7 ** (72.0) | 26.40 ** (73.5) | 165.24 ** (52.1) | ||
A × B | 0.15 (0.1) | 1.89 (0.3) | 1.51 ** (2.1) | 24.15 ** (3.8) | ||
A × C | 0.79 ** (1.6) | 7.40 ** (2.7) | 1.79 ** (5.0) | 35.33 ** (11.1) | ||
B × C | 0.70 ** (2.8) | 6.17 ** (4.5) | 0.58 ** (3.2) | 7.34 ** (4.6) | ||
A × B × C | 1.32 (0.6) | 1.26 (0.9) | 0.58 ** (3.2) | 4.99 ** (3.1) |
Plant Part | Concentration | Spring Barley | Spring Wheat | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IRSG | IRRL | IRSL | IRRFM | IRSFM | IRSG | IRRL | IRSL | IRRFM | IRSFM | ||
Extract of FS | |||||||||||
L + S | 25 | −0.30 | −0.34 | −0.43 | −0.34 | −0.39 | −0.25 | −0.71 | −0.79 | −0.52 | −0.60 |
50 | −0.75 | −0.95 | −0.95 | −0.95 | −0.95 | −0.75 | −0.97 | −1.00 | −0.89 | −0.78 | |
75 | −0.95 | −0.95 | −0.95 | −0.95 | −0.95 | −0.80 | −0.99 | −0.97 | −0.98 | −1.00 | |
100 | −0.95 | −0.95 | −0.98 | −0.95 | −0.95 | −0.90 | −0.97 | −0.98 | −0.97 | −0.98 | |
H | 25 | −0.80 | −0.99 | −0.83 | −0.32 | −0.83 | −0.60 | −0.88 | −0.88 | −0.59 | −0.90 |
50 | −0.95 | −0.97 | −0.98 | −0.94 | −0.95 | −0.85 | −0.99 | −0.92 | −1.00 | −1.00 | |
75 | −0.95 | −0.91 | −0.98 | −0.95 | −0.95 | −0.75 | −0.99 | −0.97 | −0.94 | −0.95 | |
100 | −0.95 | −0.98 | −0.98 | −0.95 | −0.98 | −0.75 | −0.98 | −0.98 | −0.98 | −0.95 | |
R | 25 | −0.55 | −0.21 | −0.73 | −0.59 | −0.05 | −0.05 | −0.34 | −0.72 | −0.49 | −0.28 |
50 | −0.75 | −0.23 | −0.76 | −0.66 | +0.03 | −0.25 | −0.62 | −0.81 | −0.81 | −0.21 | |
75 | −0.95 | −0.98 | −0.98 | −0.95 | −0.98 | −0.65 | −0.96 | −1.00 | −1.00 | −1.00 | |
100 | −0.95 | −0.98 | −0.94 | −0.89 | −0.25 | −0.25 | −0.92 | −0.92 | −0.94 | −0.83 | |
Extract of RS | |||||||||||
L + S | 25 | −0.55 | −0.07 | −0.41 | −0.62 | +0.33 | −0.05 | −0.05 | −0.06 | −0.41 | 0.18 |
50 | −0.90 | −0.96 | −0.99 | −0.87 | −0.66 | −0.25 | −0.89 | −0.91 | −0.92 | −0.79 | |
75 | −0.80 | −0.81 | −0.66 | −0.86 | +0.21 | −0.25 | −0.91 | −0.96 | −1.00 | −1.00 | |
100 | −0.95 | −0.95 | −0.89 | −0.96 | −0.34 | −0.80 | −0.98 | −0.99 | −1.00 | −1.00 | |
H | 25 | −0.45 | −0.68 | −0.79 | −0.76 | −0.07 | −0.05 | +0.10 | −0.26 | −0.23 | +0.24 |
50 | −0.70 | −0.81 | −0.75 | −0.93 | −0.82 | −0.25 | −0.61 | −0.55 | −0.66 | −0.31 | |
75 | −0.25 | −0.94 | −0.79 | −0.88 | −0.03 | −0.10 | −0.92 | −0.80 | −0.89 | −0.75 | |
100 | −0.95 | −0.98 | −0.91 | −0.95 | −0.98 | −0.55 | −0.98 | −0.99 | −1.00 | −1.00 | |
R | 25 | −0.10 | +0.33 | −0.55 | −0.22 | +0.24 | 0.00 | +0.28 | 0.32 | +0.04 | +0.43 |
50 | −0.40 | −0.21 | −0.59 | −0.54 | +0.42 | −0.10 | −0.05 | 0.06 | −0.28 | +0.28 | |
75 | −0.35 | −0.38 | −0.42 | −0.72 | +0.34 | 0.00 | −0.22 | −0.08 | −0.68 | −0.22 | |
100 | −0.75 | −0.91 | −0.89 | −0.94 | −0.92 | −0.15 | −0.93 | −0.94 | −1.00 | −1.00 |
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Janusauskaite, D. Investigating the Phytotoxic Potential of Helianthus annuus on Germination and Seedling Morphological Parameters of Two Target Poaceae Species: Spring Barley and Spring Wheat. Agronomy 2023, 13, 3064. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13123064
Janusauskaite D. Investigating the Phytotoxic Potential of Helianthus annuus on Germination and Seedling Morphological Parameters of Two Target Poaceae Species: Spring Barley and Spring Wheat. Agronomy. 2023; 13(12):3064. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13123064
Chicago/Turabian StyleJanusauskaite, Daiva. 2023. "Investigating the Phytotoxic Potential of Helianthus annuus on Germination and Seedling Morphological Parameters of Two Target Poaceae Species: Spring Barley and Spring Wheat" Agronomy 13, no. 12: 3064. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13123064