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Crystals
Volume 15
Issue 9
10.3390/cryst15090774
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Multi-Step Spin-Coating with In Situ Crystallization for Growing 2D/3D Perovskite Films

by
Meihong Liu
1,
Yafeng Hao
1,
Fupeng Ma
1,
Pu Zhu
1,
Huijia Wu
1,
Ziwei Li
1,
Wenyu Niu
1,
Yujie Huang
1,
Guitian Huangfu
2,
Junye Li
2,
Fengchao Li
1,
Jiangang Yu
1,
Longlong Zhang
3,
Tengteng Li
1,*,
Cheng Lei
1,* and
Ting Liang
1
1
State Key Laboratory of Extreme Environment Optoelectronic Dynamic Measurement Technology and Instrument, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
2
Shanxi Zhonghaiwei Rail Transit Engineering Co., Ltd., Jinzhong 030699, China
3
State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crystals 2025, 15(9), 774; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15090774 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 27 July 2025 / Revised: 21 August 2025 / Accepted: 25 August 2025 / Published: 29 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Materials for Energy Applications)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Developing perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with both high performance and long-term stability remains a critical challenge and research focus in the field of photovoltaic devices. Herein, we report a multi-step spin-coating strategy for high-efficiency 2D/3D perovskite heterojunction solar cells by sequentially depositing low-concentration 3-pyridine methylamine iodine solutions onto 3D perovskite films. This approach enables controlled Ostwald ripening and forms graded 2D/3D heterointerfaces rather than insulating capping layers, yielding a champion device with a PCE of 22.7%, significantly outperforming conventional 2D/3D planar counterparts. The optimized structure exhibits enhanced carrier extraction, suppressed recombination, and exceptional humidity stability; the hydrophobic structure further enabled >85% initial efficiency retention after 800 h at 45% relative humidity (RH) for target devices. This study establishes a novel research paradigm for developing high-performance and stable 2D/3D perovskite solar cells through gradient dimensionality engineering.
Keywords: perovskite; multi-step spin-coating; Ostwald ripening; Carrier dynamics; Environmental stability perovskite; multi-step spin-coating; Ostwald ripening; Carrier dynamics; Environmental stability

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Liu, M.; Hao, Y.; Ma, F.; Zhu, P.; Wu, H.; Li, Z.; Niu, W.; Huang, Y.; Huangfu, G.; Li, J.; et al. Multi-Step Spin-Coating with In Situ Crystallization for Growing 2D/3D Perovskite Films. Crystals 2025, 15, 774. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15090774

AMA Style

Liu M, Hao Y, Ma F, Zhu P, Wu H, Li Z, Niu W, Huang Y, Huangfu G, Li J, et al. Multi-Step Spin-Coating with In Situ Crystallization for Growing 2D/3D Perovskite Films. Crystals. 2025; 15(9):774. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15090774

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liu, Meihong, Yafeng Hao, Fupeng Ma, Pu Zhu, Huijia Wu, Ziwei Li, Wenyu Niu, Yujie Huang, Guitian Huangfu, Junye Li, and et al. 2025. "Multi-Step Spin-Coating with In Situ Crystallization for Growing 2D/3D Perovskite Films" Crystals 15, no. 9: 774. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15090774

APA Style

Liu, M., Hao, Y., Ma, F., Zhu, P., Wu, H., Li, Z., Niu, W., Huang, Y., Huangfu, G., Li, J., Li, F., Yu, J., Zhang, L., Li, T., Lei, C., & Liang, T. (2025). Multi-Step Spin-Coating with In Situ Crystallization for Growing 2D/3D Perovskite Films. Crystals, 15(9), 774. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15090774

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