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Toxins, Volume 4, Issue 7

July 2012 - 5 articles

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Articles (5)

  • Commentary
  • Open Access
40 Citations
15,477 Views
12 Pages

23 July 2012

This work proposes to use the marine algal toxin yessotoxin (YTX) to establish reference model experiments to explore medically valuable effects from induction of multiple cell death pathways. YTX is one of few toxins reported to make such induction....

  • Article
  • Open Access
42 Citations
9,957 Views
14 Pages

Humanized-Single Domain Antibodies (VH/VHH) that Bound Specifically to Naja kaouthia Phospholipase A2 and Neutralized the Enzymatic Activity

  • Charnwit Chavanayarn,
  • Jeeraphong Thanongsaksrikul,
  • Kanyarat Thueng-in,
  • Kunan Bangphoomi,
  • Nitat Sookrung and
  • Wanpen Chaicumpa

19 July 2012

Naja kaouthia (monocled cobra) venom contains many isoforms of secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2). The PLA2 exerts several pharmacologic and toxic effects in the snake bitten subject, dependent or independent on the enzymatic activity. N. kaouthia ven...

  • Review
  • Open Access
26 Citations
12,030 Views
18 Pages

Bacillus anthracis Factors for Phagosomal Escape

  • Fiorella Tonello and
  • Irene Zornetta

10 July 2012

The mechanism of phagosome escape by intracellular pathogens is an important step in the infectious cycle. During the establishment of anthrax, Bacillus anthracis undergoes a transient intracellular phase in which spores are engulfed by local phagocy...

  • Review
  • Open Access
14 Citations
13,350 Views
31 Pages

6 July 2012

Since the isolation of Bacillus anthracis exotoxins in the 1960s, the detrimental activity of edema factor (EF) was considered as adenylyl cyclase activity only. Yet the catalytic site of EF was recently shown to accomplish cyclization of cytidine 5′...

  • Article
  • Open Access
31 Citations
8,798 Views
18 Pages

25 June 2012

A one-step affinity chromatography method was developed to purify Shiga toxin 2 variants (Stx2) Stx2a, Stx2c, Stx2d and Stx2g from bacterial culture supernatants. Analysis of the purified Stx2 variants by denaturing gel electrophoresis revealed 32 kD...

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Toxins - ISSN 2072-6651