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Toxins, Volume 4, Issue 11

November 2012 - 23 articles

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Articles (23)

  • Article
  • Open Access
87 Citations
10,861 Views
19 Pages

20 November 2012

Increased aflatoxin contamination in corn by the fungus Aspergillus flavus is associated with frequent periods of drought and heat stress during the reproductive stages of the plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship betwe...

  • Review
  • Open Access
15 Citations
7,119 Views
11 Pages

20 November 2012

The safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin for the treatment of focal hand and cranial dystonias are well-established. Studies of these adult-onset focal dystonias reveal both shared features, such as the dystonic phenotype of muscle hyperactivity an...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
9,891 Views
18 Pages

Short Toxin-like Proteins Abound in Cnidaria Genomes

  • Yitshak Tirosh,
  • Itai Linial,
  • Manor Askenazi and
  • Michal Linial

16 November 2012

Cnidaria is a rich phylum that includes thousands of marine species. In this study, we focused on Anthozoa and Hydrozoa that are represented by the Nematostella vectensis (Sea anemone) and Hydra magnipapillata genomes. We present a method for ranking...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
7,188 Views
20 Pages

15 November 2012

The “High Dose/Refuge” strategy (HD/R) is the currently recommended Insect Resistance Management strategy (IRM) to limit resistance development to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) plants. This strategy requires planting a “refuge zone” composed of non-Bt...

  • Review
  • Open Access
18 Citations
10,463 Views
24 Pages

15 November 2012

Immunostimulating staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and related superantigenic toxins cause diseases in humans and laboratory animals by activating cells of the immune system. These toxins bind directly to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)...

  • Article
  • Open Access
34 Citations
10,439 Views
14 Pages

A Metabolomic Approach to Clarifying the Effect of AST-120 on 5/6 Nephrectomized Rats by Capillary Electrophoresis with Mass Spectrometry (CE-MS)

  • Yasutoshi Akiyama,
  • Yoichi Takeuchi,
  • Koichi Kikuchi,
  • Eikan Mishima,
  • Yasuaki Yamamoto,
  • Chitose Suzuki,
  • Takafumi Toyohara,
  • Takehiro Suzuki,
  • Atsushi Hozawa and
  • Sadayoshi Ito
  • + 2 authors

14 November 2012

The oral adsorbent AST-120 is composed of spherical carbon particles and has an adsorption ability for certain small-molecular-weight compounds that accumulate in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). So far, very few compounds are known to be...

  • Review
  • Open Access
14 Citations
8,358 Views
8 Pages

9 November 2012

Biological immunomodulators are routinely evaluated as a natural source of molecules with profound effects on the immune system. They belong to a group of physiologically active compounds, collectively termed biological response modifiers. Most of th...

  • Review
  • Open Access
57 Citations
10,165 Views
25 Pages

8 November 2012

Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) are the primary mediators of electrical signal amplification and propagation in excitable cells. VGSC subtypes are diverse, with different biophysical and pharmacological properties, and varied tissue distribution...

  • Review
  • Open Access
125 Citations
28,745 Views
27 Pages

Shiga Toxins and the Pathophysiology of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Humans and Animals

  • Chad L. Mayer,
  • Caitlin S. Leibowitz,
  • Shinichiro Kurosawa and
  • Deborah J. Stearns-Kurosawa

8 November 2012

Food-borne diseases are estimated at 76 million illnesses and 5000 deaths every year in the United States with the greatest burden on young children, the elderly and immunocompromised populations. The impact of efficient food distribution systems and...

  • Review
  • Open Access
15 Citations
7,807 Views
13 Pages

Pharmacophore Selection and Redesign of Non-nucleotide Inhibitors of Anthrax Edema Factor

  • Catherine H. Schein,
  • Deliang Chen,
  • Lili Ma,
  • John J. Kanalas,
  • Jian Gao,
  • Maria Estrella Jimenez,
  • Laurie E. Sower,
  • Mary A. Walter,
  • Scott R. Gilbertson and
  • Johnny W. Peterson

8 November 2012

Antibiotic treatment may fail to protect individuals, if not started early enough, after infection with Bacillus anthracis, due to the continuing activity of toxins that the bacterium produces. Stable and easily stored inhibitors of the edema factor...

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Toxins - ISSN 2072-6651