Sedentary Behavior Is Independently Related to Fat Mass among Children and Adolescents in South China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sample
2.2. Sedentary Behavior
2.3. Physical Activity
2.4. Anthropometric Measurements
2.5. Energy Intake
2.6. Parental Characteristics and Additional Information
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Percentage Body Fat (%) | Fat Mass Index (kg/m2) | Fat-Free Mass Index (kg/m2) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate (SE) | p | Estimate (SE) | p | Estimate (SE) | p | |
Girls (n = 797) | ||||||
Unadjusted model | −0.0001 (0.0004) | 0.7 | −0.00006 (0.0005) | 0.9 | 0.00005 (0.00009) | 0.6 |
Model A 2 | −0.0002 (0.0004) | 0.7 | −0.0001 (0.0005) | 0.8 | 0.00006 (0.00009) | 0.5 |
Model B 3 | −0.0002 (0.0004) | 0.6 | −0.0001 (0.0005) | 0.9 | 0.00005 (0.00009) | 0.5 |
Model C 4 | −0.0002 (0.0004) | 0.5 | −0.0002 (0.0005) | 0.7 | 0.00004 (0.00009) | 0.6 |
Model D 5 | −0.0002 (0.0004) | 0.5 | −0.0002 (0.0005) | 0.7 | 0.00004 (0.00009) | 0.6 |
Boys (n = 789) | ||||||
Unadjusted model | −0.00003 (0.0003) | 0.9 | −0.00005 (0.0004) | 0.9 | −0.00003 (0.00005) | 0.6 |
Model A 2 | −0.00003 (0.0003) | 0.9 | −0.00005 (0.0004) | 0.9 | −0.00002 (0.00005) | 0.7 |
Model B 3 | −0.00005 (0.0003) | 0.9 | −0.00008 (0.0004) | 0.9 | −0.00003 (0.00005) | 0.6 |
Model C 4 | −0.000008 (0.0003) | 1.0 | −0.00002 (0.0004) | 1.0 | −0.00002 (0.00005) | 0.7 |
Model D 5 | −0.00003 (0.0003) | 0.9 | −0.00004 (0.0004) | 0.9 | −0.00002 (0.00005) | 0.7 |
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Girls | Boys | p | |
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | 798 (50.3) | 788 (49.8) | |
Age (years) | 10.1 (8.6, 11.7) | 10.0 (8.6, 11.7) | 0.2 |
Pubertal stage 2 (n, %) | 410 (62.1) | 346 (54.8) | 0.08 |
Birth weight (kg) | 3.2 (2.9, 3.5) | 3.3 (3.0, 3.6) | <0.0001 |
Family data | |||
High income of family 3 (n, %) | 193 (24.2) | 193 (24.5) | 0.9 |
Maternal overweight 4 (n, %) | 141 (18.4) | 143 (19.7) | 0.5 |
Paternal overweight 4 (n, %) | 308 (40.2) | 288 (39.8) | 0.9 |
High maternal education level 5 (n, %) | 139 (19.8) | 126 (18.1) | 0.4 |
High paternal education level 5 (n, %) | 193 (25.0) | 179 (23.3) | 0.4 |
Total energy intake (MJ/day) | 7.7 (6.4, 9.5) | 8.7 (7.3, 10.7) | <0.0001 |
MVPA energy expenditure 6 (MJ/day) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) | 0.6 (0.3, 0.9) | 0.03 |
Anthropometric data | |||
BMI SDS 7 | 0.4 (−0.2, 1.0) | 0.08 (−0.5, 0.8) | <0.0001 |
Overweight 8 (n, %) | 104 (13.0) | 143 (18.1) | 0.01 |
Percent body fat 9 (%) | 18.5 (14.9, 24.1) | 14.4 (11.1, 20.9) | <0.0001 |
Fat mass index (kg/m2) | 3.2 (2.4, 4.5) | 2.5 (1.8, 3.9) | <0.0001 |
Fat-free mass index (kg/m2) | 13.8 (13.1, 14.6) | 14.6 (13.9, 15.3) | <0.0001 |
Sedentary behaviors | |||
Screen time 10 (h/day) | 1.4 (0.8, 2.3) | 1.7 (1.0, 2.9) | <0.0001 |
Screen time ≥2 h/day 11 (n, %) | 263 (33.0) | 339 (43.0) | <0.0001 |
Doing homework (h/day) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.5) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.8) | <0.0001 |
Doing homework ≥1 h/day (n, %) | 359 (45.0) | 426 (54.0) | 0.0004 |
Doing homework ≥2 h/day (n, %) | 114 (14.3) | 136 (17.2) | 0.1 |
Daily Time Spent on Screen Time | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | T3 | ||
Girls | ||||
n | 251 | 284 | 263 | |
Age (years) | 9.4 (8.1, 10.9) | 9.9 (8.5, 11.7) | 11.0 (9.5, 12.3) | 0.03 |
Pubertal stage 3 (n, %) | 97 (49.7) | 147 (64.2) | 166 (70.3) | 0.06 |
Birth weight (kg) | 3.2 (2.9, 3.5) | 3.2 (2.9, 3.5) | 3.3 (3.0, 3.5) | 0.4 |
Family data | ||||
High income of family 4 (n, %) | 62 (24.7) | 59 (20.8) | 72 (27.4) | 0.2 |
Maternal overweight 5 (n, %) | 30 (12.3) | 55 (20.2) | 56 (22.2) | 0.01 |
Paternal overweight 5 (n, %) | 95 (39.3) | 99 (36.8) | 114 (44.7) | 0.2 |
High maternal education level 6 (n, %) | 52 (23.2) | 44 (17.7) | 43 (18.6) | 0.3 |
High paternal education level 6 (n, %) | 72 (29.6) | 63 (23.0) | 58 (22.8) | 0.1 |
Total energy intake (MJ/day) | 7.4 (6.3, 9.7) | 7.6 (6.3, 9.4) | 8.0 (6.6, 9.6) | 0.2 |
MVPA energy expenditure 7 (MJ/day) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.7) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) | 0.1 |
Anthropometric data | ||||
BMI SDS 8 | 0.2 (−0.3, 0.9) | 0.5 (−0.2, 1.1) | 0.4 (−0.1, 1.0) | 0.07 |
Overweight 9 (n, %) | 25 (10.0) | 45 (15.8) | 34 (12.9) | 0.09 |
Percent body fat 10 (%) | 17.2 (13.9, 23.7) | 18.7 (18.9, 24.0) | 19.7 (16.0, 24.5) | 0.0007 |
Fat mass index (kg/m2) | 2.8 (2.1, 4.3) | 3.2 (2.4, 4.4) | 3.5 (2.6, 4.7) | <0.0001 |
Fat-free mass index (kg/m2) | 13.6 (12.9, 14.3) | 13.8 (13.1, 14.7) | 14.1 (13.3, 14.8) | <0.0001 |
Boys | ||||
n | 263 | 262 | 263 | |
Age (years) | 9.6 (8.3, 11.1) | 10.5 (8.7, 12.0) | 11.0 (9.4, 12.5) | 0.04 |
Pubertal stage 3 (n, %) | 110 (53.4) | 125 (57.6) | 111 (53.4) | 0.6 |
Birth weight (kg) | 3.3 (3.0, 3.8) | 3.4 (3.0, 3.6) | 3.3 (3.0, 3.5) | 0.7 |
Family data | ||||
High income of family 4 (n, %) | 56 (21.3) | 62 (23.7) | 75 (28.5) | 0.1 |
Maternal overweight 5 (n, %) | 46 (33.3) | 40 (33.9) | 57 (32.8) | 0.1 |
Paternal overweight 5 (n, %) | 99 (41.6) | 96 (39.3) | 93 (38.4) | 0.8 |
High maternal education level 6 (n, %) | 49 (20.9) | 44 (19.1) | 33 (14.2) | 0.2 |
High paternal education level 6 (n, %) | 61 (23.7) | 74 (29.2) | 44 (17.2) | 0.007 |
Total energy intake (MJ/day) | 8.4 (7.1, 10.3) | 8.6 (7.0, 10.6) | 9.1 (7.6, 11.2) | 0.0002 |
MVPA energy expenditure 7 (MJ/day) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.8) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) | 0.2 |
Anthropometric data | ||||
BMI SDS 8 | 0.01 (−0.5, 0.7) | 0.1 (−0.5, 0.8) | 0.07 (−0.5, 0.8) | 1.0 |
Overweight 9 (n, %) | 46 (17.5) | 47 (17.9) | 50 (19.0) | 0.7 |
Percent body fat 10 (%) | 13.9 (10.7, 19.6) | 14.5 (11.1, 21.2) | 15.1 (11.8, 21.7) | 0.055 |
Fat mass index (kg/m2) | 2.4 (1.7, 3.7) | 2.6 (1.8, 4.0) | 2.7 (1.9, 4.0) | 0.03 |
Fat-free mass index (kg/m2) | 14.5 (13.8, 15.2) | 14.5 (13.9, 15.2) | 14.8 (14.2, 15.5) | 0.0006 |
Tertiles of Daily Time Spent on Screen 2 | p for Trend | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | T3 | ||
Girls (n = 797) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) 3 | 1.4 (1.1, 1.6) 3 | 2.9 (2.3, 3.9) 3 | |
Percentage body fat (%) | ||||
Unadjusted model | 18.0 (17.3, 18.7) | 19.1 (18.4, 19.9) | 20.1 (19.4, 20.9) | 0.0004 |
Model A 4 | 18.0 (17.3, 18.7) | 19.1 (18.3, 19.8) | 20.0 (19.2, 20.9) | 0.0006 |
Model B 5 | 18.0 (17.3, 18.8) | 19.2 (18.4, 20.0) | 19.8 (19.1, 20.6) | 0.03 |
Model C 6 | 18.0 (17.3, 18.7) | 19.1 (18.3, 19.8) | 20.0 (19.2, 20.8) | 0.0007 |
Model D 7 | 18.0 (17.3, 18.8) | 19.2 (18.4, 19.9) | 19.8 (19.1, 20.6) | 0.003 |
Fat mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
Unadjusted model | 3.0 (2.9, 3.2) | 3.3 (3.2, 3.5) | 3.6 (3.4, 3.8) | 0.0001 |
Model A 4 | 3.0 (2.9, 3.2) | 3.3 (3.1, 3.5) | 3.6 (3.4, 3.8) | 0.0002 |
Model B 5 | 3.0 (2.9, 3.2) | 3.4 (3.2, 3.5) | 3.5 (3.3, 3.7) | 0.001 |
Model C 6 | 3.0 (2.9, 3.2) | 3.3 (3.1, 3.5) | 3.6 (3.4, 3.8) | 0.0002 |
Model D 7 | 3.0 (2.9, 3.2) | 3.4 (3.2, 3.5) | 3.5 (3.3, 3.7) | 0.001 |
Fat-free mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
Unadjusted model | 13.6 (13.4, 13.7) | 13.9 (13.8, 14.0) | 14.1 (13.9, 14.2) | <0.0001 |
Model A 4 | 13.6 (13.4, 13.7) | 13.9 (13.7, 14.0) | 14.0 (13.9, 14.2) | <0.0001 |
Model B 5 | 13.6 (13.4, 13.7) | 13.9 (13.8, 14.0) | 14.0 (13.9, 14.1) | 0.0001 |
Model C 6 | 13.6 (13.4, 13.7) | 13.9 (13.7, 14.0) | 14.0 (13.9, 14.2) | <0.0001 |
Model D 7 | 13.6 (13.4, 13.7) | 13.9 (13.8, 14.0) | 14.0 (13.9, 14.1) | 0.0001 |
Boys (n = 789) | 0.8 (0.5, 0.8) 3 | 1.4 (1.1, 1.6) 3 | 3.6 (2.9, 4.6) 3 | |
Percentage body fat (%) | ||||
Unadjusted model | 14.5 (13.8, 15.4) | 15.6 (14.8, 16.5) | 15.9 (15.1, 16.8) | 0.04 |
Model A 4 | 14.6 (13.8, 15.4) | 15.7 (14.8, 16.6) | 15.9 (15.1, 16.9) | 0.058 |
Model B 5 | 14.6 (13.8, 15.4) | 15.7 (14.8, 16.6) | 15.9 (15.1, 16.9) | 0.058 |
Model C 6 | 14.7 (13.9, 15.6) | 15.7 (14.9, 16.6) | 15.8 (15.0, 16.8) | 0.1 |
Model D 7 | 14.7 (13.9, 15.6) | 15.7 (14.9, 16.6) | 15.8 (15.0, 16.8) | 0.1 |
Fat mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
Unadjusted model | 2.5 (2.4, 2.7) | 2.8 (2.6, 3.0) | 2.9 (2.7, 3.1) | 0.03 |
Model A 4 | 2.5 (2.4, 2.7) | 2.8 (2.6, 3.0) | 2.9 (2.7, 3.1) | 0.04 |
Model B 5 | 2.5 (2.4, 2.7) | 2.8 (2.6, 3.0) | 2.9 (2.7, 3.1) | 0.04 |
Model C 6 | 2.6 (2.4, 2.8) | 2.8 (2.6, 3.0) | 2.9 (2.7, 3.1) | 0.09 |
Model D 7 | 2.6 (2.4, 2.8) | 2.8 (2.6, 3.0) | 2.9 (2.7, 3.1) | 0.09 |
Fat-free mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
Unadjusted model | 14.5 (14.4, 14.7) | 14.6 (14.5, 14.7) | 14.8 (14.7, 15.0) | 0.001 |
Model A 4 | 14.5 (14.4, 14.6) | 14.5 (14.4, 14.7) | 14.8 (14.7, 14.9) | 0.001 |
Model B 5 | 14.5 (14.4, 14.6) | 14.5 (14.4, 14.7) | 14.8 (14.7, 14.9) | 0.001 |
Model C 6 | 14.5 (14.4, 14.6) | 14.5 (14.4, 14.7) | 14.8 (14.7, 14.9) | 0.003 |
Model D 7 | 14.5 (14.4, 14.7) | 14.5 (14.4, 14.7) | 14.8 (14.7, 14.9) | 0.003 |
Tertiles of Daily Time Spent on Doing Homework 2 | p for Trend | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | T3 | ||
Girls (n = 797) | 0.5 (0.5, 0.5) 3 | 0.8 (0.8, 1.1) 3 | 1.8 (1.5, 2.5) 3 | |
Percentage body fat (%) | ||||
Unadjusted model | 17.8 (17.1, 18.5) | 18.8 (18.1, 19.6) | 20.7 (19.9, 21.5) | 0.0007 |
Model A 4 | 17.7 (17.0, 18.5) | 18.7 (18.0, 19.5) | 20.6 (19.8, 21.4) | 0.001 |
Model B 5 | 18.4 (17.8, 19.0) | 19.2 (18.4, 20.1) | 19.8 (18.9, 20.6) | 0.003 |
Model C 6 | 17.7 (17.0, 18.4) | 18.7 (18.0, 19.5) | 20.6 (19.8, 21.4) | 0.0009 |
Model D 7 | 18.0 (17.3, 18.7) | 18.6 (17.9, 19.3) | 20.4 (19.7, 21.2) | 0.003 |
Fat mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
Unadjusted model | 3.0 (2.8, 3.2) | 3.3 (3.1, 3.5) | 3.7 (3.5, 3.9) | 0.0005 |
Model A 4 | 3.0 (2.8, 3.1) | 3.3 (3.1, 3.5) | 3.7 (3.5, 3.9) | 0.0007 |
Model B 5 | 3.1 (3.0, 3.3) | 3.4 (3.2, 3.6) | 3.5 (3.3, 3.7) | 0.002 |
Model C 6 | 3.0 (2.8, 3.1) | 3.3 (3.1, 3.4) | 3.7 (3.5, 3.9) | 0.0006 |
Model D 7 | 3.0 (2.9, 3.2) | 3.2 (3.0, 3.4) | 3.7 (3.5, 3.9) | 0.003 |
Fat-free mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
Unadjusted model | 13.6 (13.5, 13.8) | 13.9 (13.8, 14.1) | 14.1 (13.9, 14.2) | 0.02 |
Model A 4 | 13.6 (13.4, 13.7) | 13.9, 13.8. 14.0 | 14.0 (13.9, 14.2) | 0.01 |
Model B 5 | 13.7 (13.6, 13.8) | 13.8 (13.7, 14.0) | 14.0 (13.9, 14.2) | 0.03 |
Model C 6 | 13.6 (13.4, 13.7) | 13.9 (13.7, 14.0) | 14.0 (13.9, 14.2) | 0.01 |
Model D 7 | 13.6 (13.5, 13.8) | 13.9 (13.7, 14.0) | 14.0 (13.9, 14.1) | 0.03 |
Boys (n = 789) | 0.5 (0.5, 0.5) 3 | 0.8 (0.8, 1.1) 3 | 1.8 (1.5, 2.5) 3 | |
Percentage body fat (%) | ||||
Unadjusted model | 14.8 (13.8, 15.7) | 15.1 (14.3, 16.0) | 15.9 (15.2, 16.7) | 0.03 |
Model A 4 | 14.8 (13.8, 15.8) | 15.1 (14.3, 16.0) | 16.0 (15.2, 16.8) | 0.03 |
Model B 5 | 14.6 (13.7, 15.5) | 15.6 (14.7, 16.5) | 15.9 (15.1, 16.8) | 0.03 |
Model C 6 | 14.8 (13.9, 15.8) | 15.2 (14.3, 16.1) | 15.9 (15.1, 16.7) | 0.03 |
Model D 7 | 15.1 (14.2, 16.1) | 15.2 (14.3, 16.0) | 15.7 (14.9, 16.5) | 0.04 |
Fat mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
Unadjusted model | 2.6 (2.4, 2.8) | 2.7 (2.5, 2.9) | 2.8 (2.7, 3.0) | 0.03 |
Model A 4 | 2.6 (2.4, 2.8) | 2.7 (2.5, 2.9) | 2.8 (2.7, 3.0) | 0.03 |
Model B 5 | 2.6 (2.4, 2.8) | 2.7 (2.5, 3.0) | 2.9 (2.7, 3.1) | 0.03 |
Model C 6 | 2.6 (2.4, 2.8) | 2.7 (2.5, 2.9) | 2.8 (2.7, 3.0) | 0.03 |
Model D 7 | 2.7 (2.5, 2.9) | 2.7 (2.5, 2.9) | 2.8 (2.6, 3.0) | 0.03 |
Fat-free mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
Unadjusted model | 14.6 (14.4, 14.7) | 14.8 (14.6, 14.9) | 14.6 (14.5, 14.7) | 0.4 |
Model A 4 | 14.5 (14.4, 14.7) | 14.7 (14.6, 14.9) | 14.6 (14.5, 14.7) | 0.5 |
Model B 5 | 14.6 (14.4, 14.7) | 14.5 (14.3, 14.6) | 14.7 (14.6, 14.9) | 0.5 |
Model C 6 | 14.5 (14.4, 14.7) | 14.7 (14.6, 14.9) | 14.6 (14.5, 14.7) | 0.5 |
Model D 7 | 14.5 (14.4, 14.7) | 14.7 (14.6, 14.9) | 14.6 (14.5, 14.7) | 0.5 |
Tertiles of Daily Time Spent on Total Sedentary Behavior 2 | p for Trend | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | T3 | ||
Girls (n = 797) | 1.5 (1.2, 1.9) 3 | 2.7 (2.5, 3.1) 3 | 4.7 (4.1, 5.8) 3 | |
Percentage body fat (%) | ||||
Unadjusted model | 17.7 (17.1, 18.4) | 19.8 (19.0, 20.6) | 20.2 (19.4, 21.1) | <0.0001 |
Model A 4 | 17.7 (17.1, 18.4) | 19.7 (19.0, 20.5) | 20.1 (19.2, 21.0) | <0.0001 |
Model B 5 | 17.8 (17.2, 18.4) | 19.8 (19.1, 20.6) | 19.9 (19.0, 20.8) | 0.0002 |
Model C 6 | 17.7 (17.1, 18.4) | 19.7 (19.0, 20.5) | 20.1 (19.2, 21.0) | <0.0001 |
Model D 7 | 17.8 (17.2, 18.4) | 19.8 (19.1, 20.6) | 19.9 (19.0, 20.8) | 0.0002 |
Fat mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
Unadjusted model | 3.0 (2.8, 3.1) | 3.5 (3.3, 3.7) | 3.6 (3.4, 3.9) | <0.0001 |
Model A 4 | 3.0 (2.8, 3.1) | 3.5 (3.3, 3.7) | 3.6 (3.4, 3.8) | <0.0001 |
Model B 5 | 3.0 (2.8, 3.2) | 3.5 (3.3, 3.7) | 3.5 (3.3, 3.7) | <0.0001 |
Model C 6 | 3.0 (2.8, 3.1) | 3.5 (3.3, 3.7) | 3.6 (3.4, 3.8) | <0.0001 |
Model D 7 | 3.0 (2.8, 3.1) | 3.5 (3.3, 3.7) | 3.5 (3.3, 3.7) | <0.0001 |
Fat-free mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
Unadjusted model | 13.6 (13.5, 13.7) | 14.0 (13.9, 14.1) | 14.1 (13.9, 14.2) | <0.0001 |
Model A 4 | 13.6 (13.5, 13.7) | 14.0 (13.8, 14.1) | 14.0 (13.9, 14.2) | <0.0001 |
Model B 5 | 13.6 (13.5, 13.7) | 14.0 (13.8, 14.1) | 14.0 (13.8, 14.1) | <0.0001 |
Model C 6 | 13.6 (13.5, 13.7) | 14.0 (13.8, 14.1) | 14.0 (13.9, 14.2) | <0.0001 |
Model D 7 | 13.6 (13.5, 13.7) | 14.0 (13.8, 14.1) | 14.0 (13.8, 14.1) | <0.0001 |
Boys (n = 789) | 1.6 (1.3, 1.9) 3 | 2.8 (2.5, 3.2) 3 | 5.0 (4.2, 5.9) 3 | |
Percentage body fat (%) | ||||
Unadjusted model | 14.2 (13.4, 15.1) | 15.5 (14.6, 16.4) | 16.2 (15.4, 17.0) | 0.008 |
Model A 4 | 14.2 (13.4, 15.1) | 15.5 (14.7, 16.5) | 16.2 (15.3, 17.1) | 0.01 |
Model B 5 | 14.2 (13.4, 15.1) | 15.6 (14.7, 16.5) | 16.2 (15.3, 17.1) | 0.01 |
Model C 6 | 14.4 (13.5, 15.3) | 15.5 (14.7, 16.4) | 16.1 (15.3, 17.0) | 0.02 |
Model D 7 | 14.4 (13.5, 15.3) | 15.5 (14.7, 16.4) | 16.1 (15.3, 17.0) | 0.02 |
Fat mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
Unadjusted model | 2.5 (2.3, 2.7) | 2.8 (2.6, 3.0) | 2.9 (2.7, 3.1) | 0.005 |
Model A 4 | 2.5 (2.3, 2.7) | 2.8 (2.6, 3.0) | 2.9 (2.7, 3.1) | 0.007 |
Model B 5 | 2.5 (2.3, 2.7) | 2.8 (2.6, 3.0) | 2.9 (2.7, 3.1) | 0.007 |
Model C 6 | 2.5 (2.3, 2.7) | 2.8 (2.6, 3.0) | 2.9 (2.7, 3.1) | 0.02 |
Model D 7 | 2.5 (2.3, 2.7) | 2.8 (2.6, 3.0) | 2.9 (2.7, 3.1) | 0.02 |
Fat-free mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
Unadjusted model | 14.5 (14.4, 14.7) | 14.6 (14.5, 14.7) | 14.8 (14.7, 14.9) | 0.001 |
Model A 4 | 14.5 (14.4, 14.6) | 14.6 (14.4, 14.7) | 14.7 (14.6, 14.9) | 0.002 |
Model B 5 | 14.5 (14.4, 14.6) | 14.6 (14.4, 14.7) | 14.7 (14.6, 14.9) | 0.002 |
Model C 6 | 14.5 (14.4, 14.7) | 14.6 (14.4, 14.7) | 14.7 (14.6, 14.9) | 0.005 |
Model D 7 | 14.5 (14.4, 14.7) | 14.6 (14.4, 14.7) | 14.7 (14.6, 14.9) | 0.005 |
© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Xue, H.; Tian, G.; Duan, R.; Quan, L.; Zhao, L.; Yang, M.; Libuda, L.; Muckelbauer, R.; Cheng, G. Sedentary Behavior Is Independently Related to Fat Mass among Children and Adolescents in South China. Nutrients 2016, 8, 667. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8110667
Xue H, Tian G, Duan R, Quan L, Zhao L, Yang M, Libuda L, Muckelbauer R, Cheng G. Sedentary Behavior Is Independently Related to Fat Mass among Children and Adolescents in South China. Nutrients. 2016; 8(11):667. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8110667
Chicago/Turabian StyleXue, Hongmei, Guo Tian, Ruonan Duan, Liming Quan, Li Zhao, Min Yang, Lars Libuda, Rebecca Muckelbauer, and Guo Cheng. 2016. "Sedentary Behavior Is Independently Related to Fat Mass among Children and Adolescents in South China" Nutrients 8, no. 11: 667. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8110667
APA StyleXue, H., Tian, G., Duan, R., Quan, L., Zhao, L., Yang, M., Libuda, L., Muckelbauer, R., & Cheng, G. (2016). Sedentary Behavior Is Independently Related to Fat Mass among Children and Adolescents in South China. Nutrients, 8(11), 667. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8110667