No Positive Influence of Ingesting Chia Seed Oil on Human Running Performance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Research Design
2.3. ALA Bioavailability Study
2.4. Exercise Study Protocol
2.5. Complete Blood Count, Lactate, Glucose, Cortisol
2.6. Plasma Cytokines
2.7. Plasma ALA, EPA, DPA, and DHA
2.8. Statistics
3. Results
Variable | Mean ± SE |
---|---|
Age (year) | 38.0 ± 1.7 |
Height (m) | 1.72 ± 0.02 |
Weight (kg) | 71.8 ± 3.0 |
Body fat % | 19.9 ± 1.6 |
VO2max (mL kg−1 min−1) | 47.9 ± 1.6 |
Maximal heart rate (beats min−1) | 180 ± 2.5 |
Water | Chia Seed Oil | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Time (h) | 1.86 ± 0.10 | 1.91 ± 0.13 | 0.577 |
Distance (km) | 19.2 ± 1.1 | 19.8 ± 1.5 | 0.471 |
VO2 (mL·kg−1 min−1) | 34.4 ± 0.8 | 34.1 ± 0.7 | 0.417 |
HR (beats min−1) | 154 ± 2.3 | 156 ± 2.2 | 0.015 |
Ventilation (L min−1) | 69.2 ± 3.4 | 68.0 ± 3.2 | 0.317 |
RPE (average) | 13.5 ± 0.3 | 13.3 ± 0.3 | 0.438 |
RER (average) | 0.92 ± 0.01 | 0.92 ± 0.01 | 0.391 |
Weight change (kg) | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 0.193 |
Plasma volume shift (%) | −8.6 ± 1.0 | −10.7 ± 1.5 | 0.194 |
Lactate, pre-exercise | 0.53 ± 0.04 | 0.55 ± 0.04 | |
Lactate, post-exercise | 1.11 ± 0.17 | 0.98 ± 0.09 | 0.308 |
Glucose, pre-exercise | 3.98 ± 0.19 | 4.13 ± 0.12 | |
Glucose, post-exercise | 4.56 ± 0.22 | 4.47 ± 0.23 | 0.272 |
Variable | Pre-Run | Post-Run | 1.0-h Post-Run | p-Values: Time; Interaction |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cortisol (nmol L−1) | <0.001; 0.055 | |||
Water | 364 ± 16.6 | 433 ± 33.1 | 359 ± 27.6 | |
Chia | 375 ± 16.6 | 505 ± 35.9 | 395 ± 27.6 | |
Leukocytes (109 L−1) | <0.001; 0.208 | |||
Water | 5.33 ± 0.25 | 16.4 ± 0.9 | 12.7 ± 0.6 | |
Chia | 5.51 ± 0.28 | 16.4 ± 0.9 | 12.7 ± 0.7 | |
IL-6 (pg mL−1) | <0.001; 0.368 | |||
Water | 0.88 ± 0.16 | 9.37 ± 1.67 | 5.79 ± 0.92 | |
Chia | 1.02 ± 0.28 | 8.77 ± 0.69 | 5.97 ± 0.97 | |
IL-8 (pg mL−1) | <0.001; 0.116 | |||
Water | 5.84 ± 0.49 | 13.7 ± 1.5 | 10.7 ± 1.1 | |
Chia | 5.23 ± 0.42 | 11.8 ± 1.1 | 7.91 ± 0.74 | |
IL-10 (pg mL−1) | <0.001; 0.680 | |||
Water | 2.21 ± 0.21 | 38.3 ± 13.7 | 16.7 ± 4.3 | |
Chia | 2.00 ± 0.19 | 33.7 ± 10.8 | 16.9 ± 4.7 | |
TNFα (pg mL−1) | <0.001; 0.259 | |||
Water | 3.86 ± 0.18 | 4.59 ± 0.26 | 4.19 ± 0.23 | |
Chia | 3.90 ± 0.16 | 4.30 ± 0.20 | 4.10 ± 0.20 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nieman, D.C.; Gillitt, N.D.; Meaney, M.P.; Dew, D.A. No Positive Influence of Ingesting Chia Seed Oil on Human Running Performance. Nutrients 2015, 7, 3666-3676. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7053666
Nieman DC, Gillitt ND, Meaney MP, Dew DA. No Positive Influence of Ingesting Chia Seed Oil on Human Running Performance. Nutrients. 2015; 7(5):3666-3676. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7053666
Chicago/Turabian StyleNieman, David C., Nicholas D. Gillitt, Mary Pat Meaney, and Dustin A. Dew. 2015. "No Positive Influence of Ingesting Chia Seed Oil on Human Running Performance" Nutrients 7, no. 5: 3666-3676. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7053666