Calcium Regulation and Bone Mineral Metabolism in Elderly Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Calcium Homeostasis and Defects in Aging and CKD
Box 1. Klotho.
- Loss-of-function mutation in Klotho causes premature aging phenotype [19], which led to the initial discovery of the gene and appropriate naming of the gene: Klotho, the Goddess of life.
- Klotho encodes a single-pass transmembrane protein, also termed Klotho, that is expressed primarily in kidney and parathyroid gland [20].
- Klotho couples with FGF23 receptor to form a high-affinity receptor complex for FGF23 and mediates FGF23-induced phosphaturia [21].
- Klotho promotes Ca2+ conservation through stimulating TRPV-5 in the distal convoluted tubule [22].
- Extracellular domain of Klotho can be enzymatically cleaved and shed into the extracellular space, becoming a secreted form of Klotho.
- Klotho is regarded as an anti-aging molecule [23].
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3. Phosphate
4. Vitamin D
5. Parathyroid Hormone
6. Fibroblast Growth Factor-23
7. Calcium Sensing Receptor
8. Mineral and Bone Disorder
- Laboratory abnormalities (i.e., serum Ca2+ and Pi, PTH and/or vitamin D).
- Abnormalities in bone turnover, mineralization or volume.
- Vascular or other soft tissue calcification.
9. Recommendations
10. Concluding Remarks
Conflict of Interest
References
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Tejwani, V.; Qian, Q. Calcium Regulation and Bone Mineral Metabolism in Elderly Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Nutrients 2013, 5, 1913-1936. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5061913
Tejwani V, Qian Q. Calcium Regulation and Bone Mineral Metabolism in Elderly Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Nutrients. 2013; 5(6):1913-1936. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5061913
Chicago/Turabian StyleTejwani, Vickram, and Qi Qian. 2013. "Calcium Regulation and Bone Mineral Metabolism in Elderly Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease" Nutrients 5, no. 6: 1913-1936. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5061913