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Nutrients
Volume 17
Issue 9
10.3390/nu17091517
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Review

Research Progress of Oral Immune Tolerance Mechanism Induced by Whey Protein

by
Mao Lin
,
Qianqian Zhang
and
Yanjun Cong
*
College of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1517; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091517 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 24 March 2025 / Revised: 27 April 2025 / Accepted: 28 April 2025 / Published: 29 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Gut Microbiota and Immunity)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Cow milk allergy (CMA) is prevalently observed among infants and young children, exerting adverse effects on their growth and quality of life. Oral immune tolerance (OIT) is a more effective method for the prevention and treatment of CMA. The site of OIT is mainly in the gastrointestinal tract, so this article reviews the composition and structural characteristics of intestinal immune system, the molecular mechanisms of immune tolerance by regulatory T cells (Treg), dendritic cells, and gut microbiota. In addition, this paper summarizes the research progress of T cell epitope peptides of β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin in whey protein hydrolysates. The mechanism of OIT induced by whey protein hydrolysate or whey protein combined with other anti-allergic components (phenolic compounds, probiotics, etc.) is overviewed to provide new ideas for the development of hypoallergenic infant formula.
Keywords: cow milk allergy; oral immune tolerance mechanism; hydrolyzed whey protein; hypoallergenicity cow milk allergy; oral immune tolerance mechanism; hydrolyzed whey protein; hypoallergenicity

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Lin, M.; Zhang, Q.; Cong, Y. Research Progress of Oral Immune Tolerance Mechanism Induced by Whey Protein. Nutrients 2025, 17, 1517. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091517

AMA Style

Lin M, Zhang Q, Cong Y. Research Progress of Oral Immune Tolerance Mechanism Induced by Whey Protein. Nutrients. 2025; 17(9):1517. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091517

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lin, Mao, Qianqian Zhang, and Yanjun Cong. 2025. "Research Progress of Oral Immune Tolerance Mechanism Induced by Whey Protein" Nutrients 17, no. 9: 1517. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091517

APA Style

Lin, M., Zhang, Q., & Cong, Y. (2025). Research Progress of Oral Immune Tolerance Mechanism Induced by Whey Protein. Nutrients, 17(9), 1517. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091517

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