Unveiling the Power of Bergamot: Beyond Lipid-Lowering Effects
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Bergamot as a Source of Flavonoids
2.1. Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties
2.2. Effects on Vascular Endothelium
2.3. Effects on Lipid Metabolism
2.3.1. Clinical Evidence
2.3.2. Pharmacological Data
3. Outline for Bergamot Supplementation in Clinical Practice for Dyslipidemia
3.1. “Who” Are the Most Appropriate Candidates?
3.1.1. Statin-Intolerant Patient
3.1.2. Patients at Low Cardiovascular Risk
3.1.3. Optimization of Therapy in High-Risk Patients
3.2. “What” Do Position Papers Recommend?
3.3. “How” Can Bergamot Be Supplemented in Clinical Practice?
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Population | Study Design | Dosage | Main Results | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mollace et al., 2011 [44] | 237 patients with hyperlipidemia ± hyperglycemia | Open-label study | 500 mg/day | ↓ LDL-C, TG, glucose; ↑ HDL-C; HMG-CoA inhibition; ↑ vasodilation |
Dahlberg et al., 2017 [45] | 44 overweight patients with cardiometabolic syndrome | RCT | 500 mg/day | ↓ LDL-C, TG, ApoB/ApoA1, hs-CRP; ↓ CVD risk score |
Cai et al., 2017 [46] | 98 patients over 65 years old with hyperlipidemia | RCT, double-blind, placebo-controlled | 500 mg/day | ↓ LDL-C, TG; ↑ HDL-C; ↓ weight, waist, BMI |
Gliozzi et al., 2013 [47] | 77 patients with hyperlipidemia | RCT, open-label | 1000 mg/day | ↓ Total-C, LDL-C, LDL/HDL; ↓ oxidative stress markers |
Campolongo et al., 2016 [48] | 64 patients with hyperlipidemia treated with simvastatin | Observational study | 200 mg/day | ↓ Muscular side effects from statins |
Gliozzi et al., 2014 [49] | 107 patients with cardiometabolic syndrome | RCT, open-label | 650 mg twice a day | ↓ LDL-C, TG, glucose; ↑ HDL-C; ↓ NAFLD biomarkers |
Babish et al., 2016 [50] | 11 patients with moderate dyslipidemia | Pilot observational study | 250 mg/day | ↓ LDL-C, non-HDL-C, ApoB; improved lipid ratios |
Mollace et al., 2019 [51] | 60 patients with T2DM and hyperlipidemia | Open-label trial | 650 mg twice a day | ↓ LDL-C, TG, glucose; ↑ HDL-C; ↓ small dense LDL |
Fogacci et al., 2024 [52] | 90 healthy individuals with suboptimal cholesterol | RCT, double-blind, placebo-controlled | 375 mg/day | ↓ Total-C, LDL-C, TG, non-HDL-C, hs-CRP, ApoB-100 |
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Carpenito, M.; Coletti, F.; Muscoli, S.; Guarino, L.; Di Cristo, A.; Cammalleri, V.; Mega, S.; Emerenziani, S.; Cicala, M.; Fanali, C.; et al. Unveiling the Power of Bergamot: Beyond Lipid-Lowering Effects. Nutrients 2025, 17, 1871. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111871
Carpenito M, Coletti F, Muscoli S, Guarino L, Di Cristo A, Cammalleri V, Mega S, Emerenziani S, Cicala M, Fanali C, et al. Unveiling the Power of Bergamot: Beyond Lipid-Lowering Effects. Nutrients. 2025; 17(11):1871. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111871
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarpenito, Myriam, Federica Coletti, Saverio Muscoli, Lorenzo Guarino, Anna Di Cristo, Valeria Cammalleri, Simona Mega, Sara Emerenziani, Michele Cicala, Chiara Fanali, and et al. 2025. "Unveiling the Power of Bergamot: Beyond Lipid-Lowering Effects" Nutrients 17, no. 11: 1871. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111871
APA StyleCarpenito, M., Coletti, F., Muscoli, S., Guarino, L., Di Cristo, A., Cammalleri, V., Mega, S., Emerenziani, S., Cicala, M., Fanali, C., Ussia, G. P., & Grigioni, F. (2025). Unveiling the Power of Bergamot: Beyond Lipid-Lowering Effects. Nutrients, 17(11), 1871. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111871