Impaired Height Growth Associated with Vitamin D Deficiency in Young Children from the Japan Environment and Children’s Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Calculation of Standard Scores and Height Growth
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Subgroup by Serum 25(OH)D3 Concentrations | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25(OH)D3 [ng/mL] | <10 | ≥10 to <15 | ≥15 to <20 | ≥20 to <25 | ≥25 to <30 | ≥30 to <40 | ≥40 |
··· | (n = 40) | (n = 254) | (n = 524) | (n = 913) | (n = 925) | (n = 846) | (n = 122) |
Sex | ··· | ||||||
Male (%) | 20 (50.0) | 122 (48.0) | 243 (46.4) | 425 (46.5) | 488 (52.8) | 458 (54.1) | 72 (59.0) |
Female (%) | 20 (50.0) | 132 (52.0) | 281 (53.6) | 488 (53.5) | 437 (47.2) | 388 (45.9) | 50 (41.0) |
Birth information | |||||||
pregnancy period [weeks] | 39.7 | 39.4 | 39.5 | 39.5 | 39.5 | 39.6 | 39.5 |
birth weight [g] | 3093 | 3066 | 3095 | 3073 | 3073 | 3089 | 3068 |
(95% CI) | (2991, 3195) | (3019, 3113) | (3062, 3129) | (3049, 3098) | (3048, 3097) | (3064, 3113) | (2998, 3139) |
birth height [cm] | 49.26 | 49.17 | 49.26 | 49.11 | 49.10 | 49.26 | 49.10 |
(95% CI) | (48.73, 49.79) | (48.92, 49.42) | (49.10, 49.43) | (48.99, 49.24) | (48.98, 49.22) | (49.12, 49.39) | (48.74, 49.46) |
At 2 years of age | |||||||
height [cm] | 83.49 | 83.78 | 83.89 | 83.96 | 83.86 | 84.07 | 84.34 |
(95% CI) | (82.28, 84.70) | (83.40, 84.16) | (83.65, 84.13) | (83.78, 84.14) | (83.67, 84.06) | (83.88, 84.27) | (83.83, 84.85) |
height SDS | −0.55 | −0.33 | −0.31 | −0.31 | −0.37 | −0.30 | −0.25 |
(95% CI) | (−0.92, −0.18) | (−0.46, −0.20) | (−0.39, −0.23) | (−0.37, −0.24) | (−0.43, −0.31) | (−0.37, −0.24) | (−0.43, −0.07) |
weight [kg] | 11.47 | 11.48 | 11.5 | 11.46 | 11.49 | 11.65 | 11.57 |
(95% CI) | (11.00, 11.93) | (11.33, 11.62) | (11.40, 11.60) | (11.39, 11.54) | (11.41, 11.57) | (11.40, 11.90) | (11.36, 11.78) |
BMI | 16.4 | 16.32 | 16.32 | 16.24 | 16.3 | 16.46 | 16.24 |
(95% CI) | (16.00, 16.81) | (16.19, 16.46) | (16.22, 16.42) | (16.17, 16.32) | (16.23, 16.37) | (16.11, 16.81) | (16.03, 16.45) |
At 4 years of age | |||||||
height [cm] | 98.5 | 99.62 | 99.75 | 99.87 | 99.77 | 100.09 | 100.26 |
(95% CI) | (96.99, 100.00) | (99.14, 100.11) | (99.42, 100.08) | (99.63, 100.10) | (99.52, 100.01) | (99.85, 100.34) | (99.59, 100.93) |
height SDS | −0.5 | −0.07 | −0.05 | −0.01 | −0.06 | 0.02 | 0.06 |
(95% CI) | (−0.87, −0.12) | (−0.19, −0.06) | (−0.14, 0.03) | (−0.07, 0.05) | (−0.12, 0.00) | (−0.04, 0.09) | (−0.11, 0.24) |
weight [kg] | 15.22 | 15.44 | 15.53 | 15.57 | 15.45 | 15.5 | 15.51 |
(95% CI) | (14.55, 15.89) | (15.23, 15.65) | (15.38, 15.69) | (15.45, 15.69) | (15.34, 15.56) | (15.39, 15.61) | (15.19, 15.83) |
BMI | 15.62 | 15.53 | 15.58 | 15.58 | 15.49 | 15.45 | 15.4 |
(95% CI) | (15.28, 15.96) | (15.40, 15.66) | (15.48, 15.68) | (15.50, 15.66) | (15.42, 15.56) | (15.38, 15.52) | (15.18, 15.62) |
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Kuraoka, S.; Oda, M.; Mitsubuchi, H.; Nakamura, K.; Katoh, T.; Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS) Group. Impaired Height Growth Associated with Vitamin D Deficiency in Young Children from the Japan Environment and Children’s Study. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3325. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163325
Kuraoka S, Oda M, Mitsubuchi H, Nakamura K, Katoh T, Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS) Group. Impaired Height Growth Associated with Vitamin D Deficiency in Young Children from the Japan Environment and Children’s Study. Nutrients. 2022; 14(16):3325. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163325
Chicago/Turabian StyleKuraoka, Shohei, Masako Oda, Hiroshi Mitsubuchi, Kimitoshi Nakamura, Takahiko Katoh, and Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS) Group. 2022. "Impaired Height Growth Associated with Vitamin D Deficiency in Young Children from the Japan Environment and Children’s Study" Nutrients 14, no. 16: 3325. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163325