Associations of Serum Folate and Holotranscobalamin with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Rural and Urban Cameroon
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Serum Folate and Holotranscobalamin Measurement
2.2. Assessment of Fruit and Vegetable Intake
2.3. Measurement of Covariates
2.4. Other Biochemical Measurements
2.5. Outcome Measurement
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Strengths and Limitations
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Folate Median (IQR) = 12.9 (8.6–20.5) nmol/L β (95 Confidence Interval) | p-Value | Holotranscobalamin Mean ± SD = 75 ± 34.3 pmol/L β (95 Confidence Interval) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 0.10 (0.04 to 0.16) | 0.001 | 5.5 (2.1 to 8.9) | 0.002 |
Men (vs women) | 0.06(−0.05 to 0.18) | 0.273 | 0.36 (−5.71 to 6.43) | 0.908 |
Education level (completed) <primary education (ref) Primary Secondary and high school University | 0.04(−0.11 to 0.19) −0.12(−0.29 to 0.05) −0.37(−0.57 to −0.18) | 0.639 0.176 <0.001 | 4.15(−3.58 to 11.88) 9.9(1.29 to 18.69) 13.83(3.35 to 24.31) | 0.292 0.024 0.010 |
Urban (vs rural) | −0.29(−0.39 to −0.19) | <0.001 | 10.8(5.1 to 16.4) | <0.001 |
Smoking status Never smoked (ref) Former smoker Current smoker | 0.08(−0.08 to 0.24) 0.02(−0.21 to 0.25) | 0.359 0.847 | 0.78(−8.07 to 9.63) 4.73(−7.34 to 16.79) | 0.863 0.442 |
Alcohol drinking Never (ref) Former Current | 0.01(−0.21 to 0.22) 0.19(0.04 to 0.34) | 0.931 0.014 | −3.82(−14.62 to 6.99) 7.50(−0.99 to 15.99) | 0.488 0.083 |
Fruits (times/week) | 0.003 (−0.01 to 0.02) | 0.741 | 0.28(−0.61 to 1.16) | 0.54 |
Vegetables (times/week) | 0.001 (−0.01 to 0.01) | 0.897 | −0.46(−1.21 to 0.29) | 0.227 |
PAEE (KJ/Kg/day) | 0.005(0.003 to 0.008) | <0.001 | −0.18(−0.32 to −0.04) | 0.011 |
Sedentary (hour/day) | −0.04 (−0.06 to −0.02) | <0.001 | 0.81 (−0.48 to 2.1) | 0.216 |
LPA (hour/day) | 0.03 (0.001 to 0.07) | 0.041 | 0.15 (−1.77 to 2.08) | 0.874 |
MVPA (hour/day) | 0.06 (0.03 to 0.10) | 0.001 | −2.64 (−4.73 to −0.54) | 0.014 |
GPAQ PAEE (KJ/Kg/day) | 0.001(0.0002 to 0.001) | 0.007 | −0.01(−0.05 to 0.02) | 0.471 |
GPAQ work (MET-h/week) | 0.0005(0.0001 to 0.0008) | 0.013 | −0.004(−0.02 to 0.02) | 0.702 |
GPAQ leisure (MET-h/week) | 0.0005(−0.002 to 0.003) | 0.622 | −0.03(−0.11 to 0.05) | 0.463 |
GPAQ travel (MET-h/week) | 0.001(−0.0004 to 0.003) | 0.141 | −0.06(−0.13 to 0.008) | 0.083 |
BMI (Kg/m2) | −0.01(−0.02 to −0.004) | 0.005 | 1.21(0.65 to 1.77) | <0.001 |
BMI categories (Kg/m2) <25 (ref) 25–29.9 ≥30 | −0.15(−0.26 to −0.03) −0.17(−0.29 to −0.04) | 0.015 0.011 | 5.17(−1.81 to 12.15) 13.22(5.63 to 20.82) | 0.146 0.001 |
Body fat (10%) | −0.09(−0.20 to −0.03) | 0.004 | 10.0(6.8 to 14.1) | <0.001 |
Waist circumference (10 cm) | −0.06(−0.10 to −0.02) | 0.003 | 4.1 (1.6 to 6.7) | 0.002 |
Outcome | Difference in Outcome per 1 SD (10.8 nmol/L) of Serum Folate | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
β (95% CI) | p-Value | β (95% CI) | p-Value | β (95% CI) | p-Value | |
Metabolic syndrome score (n = 520) | −0.30 (−0.51 to 0.09) | 0.005 | −0.30 (−0.50 to −0.10) | 0.004 | −0.20 (−0.38 to −0.02) | 0.029 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), (n = 529) | −1.51 (−3.18 to 0.16) | 0.076 | −1.58 (−3.29 to 0.12) | 0.069 | −1.25 (−2.89 to 0.39) | 0.135 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), (n = 529) | −1.57 (−2.58 to −0.56) | 0.002 | −1.42 (−2.39 to −0.45) | 0.004 | −1.13 (−2.04 to −0.21) | 0.016 |
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L), (n = 529) | −0.003 (−0.10 to 0.10) | 0.957 | 0.01 (−0.08 to 0.11) | 0.807 | 0.03 (−0.08 to 0.12) | 0.629 |
2-h blood glucose (mmol/L), (n = 522) | −0.01 (−0.17 to 0.15) | 0.865 | 0.01 (−0.15 to 0.18) | 0.881 | 0.02 (−0.15 to 0.19) | 0.809 |
HOMA_IR, (n = 526) | −0.004 (−0.09 to 0.09) | 0.932 | 0.02 (−0.06 to 0.11) | 0.603 | 0.05 (−0.03 to 0.14) | 0.224 |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L), (n = 520) | 0.03 (0.002 to 0.06) | 0.037 | 0.04 (0.006 to 0.07) | 0.018 | 0.04 (0.01 to 0.07) | 0.023 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L), (n = 520) | 0.0004 (−0.04 to 0.04) | 0.983 | −0.01 (−0.05 to 0.03) | 0.525 | −0.003 (−0.04 to 0.04) | 0.883 |
Outcome | Difference in Outcome per 1 SD (34.3 pmol/L) of Serum holoTC | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
β (95% CI) | p-Value | β (95% CI) | p-Value | β (95% CI) | p-Value | |
Metabolic syndrome score, (n = 491) | 0.33 (0.10 to 0.56) | 0.004 | 0.17 (−0.05 to 0.39) | 0.127 | 0.04 (−0.16 to 0.23) | 0.70 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), (n = 500) | 1.72 (0.001 to 3.44) | 0.050 | 0.49 (−1.16 to 2.14) | 0.561 | 0.08 (−1.60 to 1.76) | 0.923 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), (n = 500) | 1.50 (0.39 to 2.62) | 0.008 | 0.65 (−0.42 to 1.71) | 0.234 | 0.32 (−0.75 to 1.38) | 0.561 |
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L), (n = 500) | 0.10 (−0.03 to 0.22) | 0.121 | 0.07 (−0.07 to 0.21) | 0.323 | 0.05 (−0.09 to 0.18) | 0.502 |
2-h blood glucose (mmol/L), (n = 494) | 0.22 (0.05 to 0.40) | 0.014 | 0.12 (−0.05 to 0.30) | 0.162 | 0.12 (−0.06 to 0.29) | 0.187 |
HOMA-IR, (n = 497) | 0.09 (−0.003 to 0.18) | 0.059 | 0.12 (0.03 to 0.23) | 0.012 | 0.08 (−0.01 to 0.18) | 0.075 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L), (n = 491) | 0.03 (−0.006 to 0.07) | 0.10 | 0.02 (−0.02 to 0.06) | 0.313 | 0.01 (−0.03 to 0.05) | 0.475 |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L), (n = 491) | 0.02 (−0.01 to 0.05) | 0.165 | 0.01 (−0.02 to 0.03) | 0.678 | 0.01 (−0.02 to 0.04) | 0.647 |
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Mba, C.M.; Koulman, A.; Forouhi, N.G.; Imamura, F.; Assah, F.; Mbanya, J.C.; Wareham, N.J. Associations of Serum Folate and Holotranscobalamin with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Rural and Urban Cameroon. Nutrients 2022, 14, 178. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14010178
Mba CM, Koulman A, Forouhi NG, Imamura F, Assah F, Mbanya JC, Wareham NJ. Associations of Serum Folate and Holotranscobalamin with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Rural and Urban Cameroon. Nutrients. 2022; 14(1):178. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14010178
Chicago/Turabian StyleMba, Camille M., Albert Koulman, Nita G. Forouhi, Fumiaki Imamura, Felix Assah, Jean Claude Mbanya, and Nick J. Wareham. 2022. "Associations of Serum Folate and Holotranscobalamin with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Rural and Urban Cameroon" Nutrients 14, no. 1: 178. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14010178