Dietary Betaine Addition Promotes Hepatic Cholesterol Synthesis, Bile Acid Conversion, and Export in Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Experimental Design
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Analysis of Lipid Metabolites in Serum
2.4. Hepatic Histology and Metabolites Analysis
2.5. Western Blot Analysis
2.6. Treatments of Cells
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Growth Performance
3.2. Serum Lipid Metabolites
3.3. Hepatic Metabolite
3.4. Key Factors Involved in Cholesterol Metabolism
3.4.1. Cholesterol Synthesis
3.4.2. Cholesterol Transport
3.4.3. Cholesterol Elimination
3.5. Cholesterol of Hepatocyte In Vitro
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Ingredient | Basal Diet (g/kg) | High-Fat Diet (g/kg) |
---|---|---|
Maize starch | 504.5 | 293.24 |
Casein | 230.48 | 227.58 |
Sucrose | 100.00 | 194.60 |
Soybean oil | 60.00 | 32.76 |
Lard oil | 0.0 | 169.00 |
Fiber | 50.00 | 27.30 |
Mineral Mix# | 35.00 | 35.00 |
Vitamin Mix# | 10.00 | 10.00 |
L-Cys | 3.00 | 3.00 |
Choline bitartrate | 2.50 | 2.50 |
Antioxidant | 0.02 | 0.02 |
Primary Antibody | Order Numbers | Dilution | Size, kDa |
---|---|---|---|
Anti-HMGCR | ab174830, Abcam | 1/5000 | 97 |
Anti-SRBI | ab217318, Abcam | 1/2000 | 60–82 |
Anti-LDLR | 10785-1-AP, Proteintech | 1/2500 | 150–160 |
Anti-CYP7A1 | bs-21429R, bioss | 1/1500 | 55 |
Anti-ABCB11/BSEP | orb259591, Biorbyt | 1/3000 | 146 |
Anti-ABCG5 | 27722-1-AP, Proteintech | 1/1500 | 68–72 |
Anti-ABCG8 | orb228808, Biorbyt | 1/1500 | 76 |
C | CB | HF | HFB | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BET | FAT | BET × FAT | |||||
Initial body weight, g | 188.4 ± 3.9 | 185.3 ± 6.1 | 186.4 ± 7.2 | 184.9 ± 4.7 | 0.252 | 0.569 | 0.700 |
Final body weight, g | 242.5 ± 10.0 | 244.4 ± 7.9 | 254.9 ± 29.7 | 244.9 ± 14.1 | 0.520 | 0.310 | 0.349 |
Average daily gain, g/d | 1.93 ± 0.34 | 2.11 ± 0.27 | 2.46 ± 0.43 * | 2.25 ± 0.32 | 0.598 | 0.035 | 0.060 |
Average daily feed intake, g/kg BW | 79.12 ± 12 | 75.47 ± 6.09 | 62.84 ± 7.46 * | 58.13 ± 8.37# | 0.008 | <0.001 | 0.743 |
Liver index, % | 3.90 ± 0.22 | 3.84 ± 0.26 | 3.89 ± 0.57 | 3.80 ± 0.17 | 0.542 | 0.863 | 0.894 |
C | CB | HF | HFB | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FAT | BET | FAT × BET | |||||
TG, mmol/L | 1.47 ± 0.43 | 1.50 ± 0.21 | 1.76 ± 0.60 | 1.77 ± 0.38 | 0.075 | 0.862 | 0.951 |
NEFA, mmol/L | 0.66 ± 0.15 | 0.52 ± 0.11 * | 0.70 ± 0.18 | 0.57 ± 0.55 | 0.435 | 0.008 | 0.932 |
VLDL-C, umol/mL | 0.40 ± 0.11 | 0.53 ± 0.20 | 0.33 ± 0.17 | 0.53 ± 0.17 # | 0.639 | 0.021 | 0.596 |
LPC, ug/mL | 0.71 ± 0.09 | 1.15 ± 0.12 * | 1.11 ± 0.09 | 1.10 ± 0.43 | 0.080 | 0.034 | 0.029 |
TC, mmol/L | 2.19 ± 0.60 | 2.21 ± 0.51 | 2.38 ± 0.45 | 2.79 ± 0.77 | 0.080 | 0.331 | 0.370 |
HDLC, mmol/L | 0.83 ± 0.20 | 0.93 ± 0.32 | 0.84 ± 0.15 | 0.92 ± 0.20 | 0.970 | 0.307 | 0.867 |
LDLC, mmol/L | 0.38 ± 0.07 | 0.36 ± 0.06 | 0.42 ± 0.07 | 0.44 ± 0.12 | 0.045 | 0.845 | 0.538 |
TBA, umol/L | 43.0 ± 19.5 | 16.0 ± 2.9 * | 14.9 ± 6.7 * | 25.0 ± 10.3 | 0.039 | 0.066 | <0.001 |
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Li, S.; Xu, S.; Zhao, Y.; Wang, H.; Feng, J. Dietary Betaine Addition Promotes Hepatic Cholesterol Synthesis, Bile Acid Conversion, and Export in Rats. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1399. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051399
Li S, Xu S, Zhao Y, Wang H, Feng J. Dietary Betaine Addition Promotes Hepatic Cholesterol Synthesis, Bile Acid Conversion, and Export in Rats. Nutrients. 2020; 12(5):1399. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051399
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Sisi, Shuyi Xu, Yang Zhao, Haichao Wang, and Jie Feng. 2020. "Dietary Betaine Addition Promotes Hepatic Cholesterol Synthesis, Bile Acid Conversion, and Export in Rats" Nutrients 12, no. 5: 1399. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051399