Analysis of Sports Supplements Consumption in Young Spanish Elite Dinghy Sailors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Instruments
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Differences in the Consumption of Sport Supplements According to Sex
3.2. Differences in the Consumption of Sports Supplements Depending on the Level of Competition
3.3. Most Consumed Sports Supplements by Sex And Level of Competition
3.4. Differences in the Consumption of Sports Supplements in the Different Types of Boats
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Domínguez, R.; Mata-Ordoñez, F.; Sánchez-Oliver, A.J. Nutrición Deportiva Aplicada: Guía para Optimizar el Rendimiento; ICB Editores: Malaga, España, 2017; ISBN 978-84-9021-488-6. [Google Scholar]
- Tucker, R.; Collins, M. What makes champions? A review of the relative contribution of genes and training to sporting success. Br. J. Sports Med. 2012, 46, 555–561. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bernardi, M.; Quattrini, F.M.; Rodio, A.; Fontana, G.; Madaffari, A.; Brugnoli, M.; Marchetti, M. Physiological characteristics of America’s Cup sailors. J. Sports Sci. 2007, 25, 1141–1152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Allen, J.B.; De Jong, M.R. Sailing and sports medicine: A literature review. Br. J. Sports Med. 2006, 40, 587–593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Callewaert, M.; Boone, J.; Celie, B.; De Clercq, D.; Bourgois, J.G. Indicators of sailing performance in youth dinghy sailing. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2015, 15, 213–219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bojsen-Møller, J.; Larsson, B.; Magnusson, S.P.; Aagaard, P. Yacht type and crew-specific differences in anthropometric, aerobic capacity, and muscle strength parameters among international Olympic class sailors. J. Sports Sci. 2007, 25, 1117–1128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Legg, S.J.; Mackie, H.W.; Slyfield, D.A. Changes in physical characteristics and performance of elite sailors following introduction of a sport science programme prior to the 1996 olympic games. Appl. Hum. Sci. 1999, 18, 211–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Spurway, N.C. Hiking physiology and the “quasi-isometric” concept. J. Sports Sci. 2007, 25, 1081–1093. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Castagna, O.; Brisswalter, J. Assessment of energy demand in Laser sailing: Influences of exercise duration and performance level. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2007, 99, 95–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bojsen-Møller, J.; Larsson, B.; Aagaard, P. Physical requirements in Olympic sailing. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2015, 15, 220–227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tan, B.; Aziz, A.R.; Spurway, N.C.; Toh, C.; Mackie, H.; Xie, W.; Wong, J.; Fuss, F.K.; Teh, K.C. Indicators of maximal hiking performance in Laser sailors. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2006, 98, 169–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vangelakoudi, A.; Vogiatzis, I.; Geladas, N. Anaerobic capacity, isometric endurance, and Laser sailing performance. J. Sports Sci. 2007, 25, 1095–1100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rodek, J.; Sekulic, D.; Kondric, M. Dietary supplementation and doping-related factors in high-level sailing. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 2012, 9, 51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Blackburn, M. Physiological responses to 90 min of simulated dinghy sailing. J. Sports Sci. 1994, 12, 383–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Caraballo, I.; González-Montesinos, J.L.; Alías, A. Performance Factors in Dinghy Sailing: Laser Class. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4920. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Slater, G.; Tan, B. Body mass changes and nutrient intake of dinghy sailors while racing. J. Sports Sci. 2007, 25, 1129–1135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Legg, S.J.; Smith, P.; Slyfield, D.; Miller, A.B.; Wilcox, H.; Gilberd, C. Knowledge and reported use of sport science by elite New Zealand Olympic class sailors. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 1997, 37, 213–217. [Google Scholar]
- Tan, B.; Sunarja, F. Body mass changes and nutrient intake of Optimist class sailors on a race day. J. Sports Sci. 2007, 25, 1137–1140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caraballo, I.; Alías, A. Preparación Integral Física y Psicológica del Regatista; Dykinson: Madrid, España, 2017; ISBN 978-84-9148-491-2. [Google Scholar]
- Arnaoutis, G.; Verginadis, P.; Seal, A.D.; Vogiatzis, I.; Sidossis, L.S.; Kavouras, S.A. Progressive Dehydration in Junior Laser Class Sailors During World Championship. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 2018, 28, 75–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maughan, R.J.; Burke, L.M.; Dvorak, J.; Larson-Meyer, D.E.; Peeling, P.; Phillips, S.M.; Rawson, E.S.; Walsh, N.P.; Garthe, I.; Geyer, H.; et al. IOC Consensus Statement: Dietary Supplements and the High-Performance Athlete. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 2018, 28, 104–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ventura Comes, A.; Sánchez-Oliver, A.; Martínez-Sanz, J.; Domínguez, R.; Ventura Comes, A.; Sánchez-Oliver, A.J.; Martínez-Sanz, J.M.; Domínguez, R. Analysis of Nutritional Supplements Consumption by Squash Players. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sánchez-Oliver, A.J.; Grimaldi-Puyana, M.; Domínguez, R.; Sánchez-Oliver, A.J.; Grimaldi-Puyana, M.; Domínguez, R. Evaluation and Behavior of Spanish Bodybuilders: Doping and Sports Supplements. Biomolecules 2019, 9, 122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Knapik, J.J.; Steelman, R.A.; Hoedebecke, S.S.; Austin, K.G.; Farina, E.K.; Lieberman, H.R. Prevalence of Dietary Supplement Use by Athletes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sport. Med. 2016, 46, 103–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Australian Institute of Sport (AIS). AIS Sports Supplement Framework. 2019. Available online: https://www.sportaus.gov.au/ais/nutrition/supplements (accessed on 25 May 2019).
- Sánchez Oliver, A.; Guerra-Hernández, E.; Miranda León, M.T. Prevalence of protein supplement use at gyms. Nutr. Hosp. 2011, 26, 1168–1174. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Sánchez Oliver, A.J. Suplementación Nutricional en la Actividad Físico-Deportiva: Análisis de la Calidad del Suplemento Proteico Consumido; Editorial de la Universidad de Granada: Granada, Spain, 2013; ISBN 9788490284827. [Google Scholar]
- Sánchez-Oliver, A.J.; Fernández-Gavira, J.; Grimaldi-Puyana, M.; García-Fernández, J. Consumo de suplementos nutricionales y sustancias nocivas en culturismo: Implicaciones para su gestión. Rev. Psicol. Deport. 2018, 27, 76–81. [Google Scholar]
- Puya-Braza, J.M.; Sanchez-Oliver, A.J. Consumo de suplementos deportivos en levantadores de peso de nivel nacional. Retos Nuevas Perspect. Educ. Física Deport. Recreación. 2018, 34, 276–281. [Google Scholar]
- López-Domínguez, R.; Sánchez-Oliver, A.J. Uso de suplementos nutricionales deportivos en remeros de elite: Diferencias entre nacionales e internacionales. Retos Nuevas Tendencias Educ. Física Deporte Recreación 2018, 2041, 272–275. [Google Scholar]
- Sánchez-Oliver, A.J.; Mata-Ordoñez, F.; Domínguez, R.; López-Samanes, A. Use of nutritional supplements in amateur tennis players. J. Phys. Educ. Sport 2018, 18, 775–780. [Google Scholar]
- Sánchez-Oliver, A.J.; Miranda León, M.; Guerra-Hernández, E. Estudio estadísitco del consumo de suplementos nutricionales y dietéticos en gimnasios. Arch. Latinoam. Nutr. 2008, 58, 221–227. [Google Scholar]
- Lakens, D. Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: A practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Front. Psychol. 2013, 26, 863. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Diehl, K.; Thiel, A.; Zipfel, S.; Mayer, J.; Schnell, A.; Schneider, S. Elite adolescent athletes’ use of dietary supplements: Characteristics, opinions, and sources of supply and information. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 2012, 22, 165–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dietz, P.; Ulrich, R.; Niess, A.; Best, R.; Simon, P.; Striegel, H. Prediction profiles for nutritional supplement use among young German elite athletes. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 2014, 24, 623–631. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wiens, K.; Erdman, K.A.; Stadnyk, M.; Parnell, J.A. Dietary supplement usage, motivation, and education in young Canadian athletes. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 2014, 24, 613–622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Slater, G.; Tan, B.; Teh, K.C. Dietary supplementation practices of Singaporean athletes. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 2003, 13, 320–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Petroczi, A.; Naughton, D.P. The age-gender-status profile of high performing athletes in the UK taking nutritional supplements: Lessons for the future. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 2008, 5, 2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mata-Ordoñez, F.; Sánchez-Oliver, A.J.; Domínguez Herrera, R.; Villegas García, J.A. Suplementación en el deporte: Directrices desde la responsabilidad profesional. Habilid. Mot. Rev. Ciencias Act. Física Deport. 2018, 51, 4–12. [Google Scholar]
- Bourgois, J.G.; Dumortier, J.; Callewaert, M.; Celie, B.; Capelli, C.; Sjøgaard, G.; De Clercq, D.; Boone, J. Tribute to Dr. Jacques Rogge: Muscle activity and fatigue during hiking in Olympic dinghy sailing. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2017, 17, 611–620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Campbell, B.; Wilborn, C.; La Bounty, P.; Taylor, L.; Nelson, M.T.; Greenwood, M.; Ziegenfuss, T.N.; Lopez, H.L.; Hoffman, J.R.; Stout, J.R.; et al. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: Energy drinks. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 2013, 10, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Garthe, I.; Maughan, R.J. Athletes and Supplements: Prevalence and Perspectives. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 2018, 28, 126–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lewis, E.J.H.; Fraser, S.J.; Thomas, S.G.; Wells, G.D. Changes in hydration status of elite Olympic class sailors in different climates and the effects of different fluid replacement beverages. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 2013, 10, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- López-González, L.M.; Sánchez-Oliver, A.J.; Mata, F.; Jodra, P.; Antonio, J.; Domínguez, R. Acute caffeine supplementation in combat sports: A systematic review. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 2018, 15, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sánchez-Oliver, A.J.; Grimaldi-Puyana, M. Análisis del consumo de suplementos nutricionales en jugadores de la liga EBA. Cuad. Psicol. Deport. 2017, 17, 163–168. [Google Scholar]
- Martínez-Sanz, J.M.; Sospedra, I.; Baladía, E.; Arranz, L.; Ortiz-Moncada, R.; Gil-Izquierdo, A. Current Status of Legislation on Dietary Products for Sportspeople in a European Framework. Nutrients 2017, 9, 1225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cotán-Cid, J.D.; Fernández, A.; Mata-Ordoñez, F.; Sánchez-Oliver, A.J. Análisis de la Composición Corporal y del Consumo de Alimentos y Suplementos Nutricionales en jugadores de División de Honor Juvenil de fútbol. EmásF 2017, 47, 106–126. [Google Scholar]
- Sánchez Oliver, A.; Miranda León, M.T.; Guerra-Hernández, E. Estudio estadístico del consumo de suplementos proteícos en gimnasios. Nutr. Hosp. 2011, 26, 1168–1174. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Maughan, R.J.; Shirreffs, S.M.; Vernec, A. Making Decisions about Supplement Use. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 2018, 28, 212–219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Thomas, D.T.; Erdman, K.A.; Burke, L.M. American College of Sports Medicine Joint Position Statement. Nutrition and Athletic Performance. Med Sci Sport. Exerc 2016, 48, 543–568. [Google Scholar]
- Meyer, N.L.; Parker-Simmons, S.; Burke, L. Practical Sports Nutrition. Pract. Sport. Nutr. 2007, 335–358. [Google Scholar]
- Jodra, P.; Lago-Rodríguez, A.; Sánchez-Oliver, A.J.; López-Samanes, A.; Pérez-López, A.; Veiga-Herreros, P.; San Juan, A.F.; Domínguez, R. Effects of caffeine supplementation on physical performance and mood dimensions in elite and trained-recreational athletes. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 2020, 17, 2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Grgic, J.; Trexler, E.T.; Lazinica, B.; Pedisic, Z. Effects of caffeine intake on muscle strength and power: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 2018, 15, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Grgic, J. Caffeine ingestion enhances Wingate performance: A meta-analysis. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2018, 18, 219–225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jodra, P.; Dominguez, R.; Sanchez-Oliver, A.; Veiga-Herreros, P.; Bailey, S.J. Effect of beetroot juice supplementation on mood, perceived exercise and performance during a 30 s Wingate test. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 2019, 15, 243–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Domínguez, R.; Cuenca, E.; Maté-Muñoz, J.; García-Fernández, P.; Serra-Paya, N.; Estevan, M.; Herreros, P.; Garnacho-Castaño, M. Effects of Beetroot Juice Supplementation on Cardiorespiratory Endurance in Athletes. A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2017, 9, 43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Domínguez, R.; Maté-Muñoz, J.L.; Cuenca, E.; García-Fernández, P.; Mata-Ordoñez, F.; Lozano-Estevan, M.C.; Veiga-Herreros, P.; da Silva, S.F.; Garnacho-Castaño, M.V. Effects of beetroot juice supplementation on intermittent high-intensity exercise efforts. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 2018, 15, 2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Petrofsky, J.S.; Phillips, C.A.; Sawka, M.N.; Hanpeter, D.; Stafford, D. Blood flow and metabolism during isometric contractions in cat skeletal muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. Respir. Environ. Exerc. Physiol. 1981, 50, 493–502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blancquaert, L.; Everaert, I.; Missinne, M.; Baguet, A.; Stegen, S.; Volkaert, A.; Petrovic, M.; Vervaet, C.; Achten, E.; DE Maeyer, M.; et al. Effects of Histidine and β-alanine Supplementation on Human Muscle Carnosine Storage. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2017, 49, 602–609. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Swietach, P.; Youm, J.B.; Saegusa, N. Coupled Ca2þ/Hþ transport by cytoplasmic buffers regulates local Ca2þ and Hþ ion signaling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2013, 110, 2064–2073. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Domínguez, R.; Hernández Lougedo, J.; Maté-Muñoz, J.L.; Garnacho-Castaño, M.V. Effects of ß-alanine supplementation on athletic performance. Nutr. Hosp. 2015, 31, 155–169. [Google Scholar]
- McNaughton, L.R.; Siegler, J.; Midgley, A. Ergogenic effects of sodium bicarbonate. Curr. Sports Med. Rep. 2008, 7, 230–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Duncan, M.J.; Weldon, A.; Price, M.J. The effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on back squat and bench press exercise to failure. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2014, 28, 1358–1366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Durkalec-Michalski, K.; Zawieja, E.E.; Podgórski, T.; Zawieja, B.E.; Michałowska, P.; Łoniewski, I.; Jeszka, J. The Effect of a New Sodium Bicarbonate Loading Regimen on Anaerobic Capacity and Wrestling Performance. Nutrients 2018, 10, 697. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mata-Ordoñez, F.; Grimaldi-Puyana, M.; Sánchez-Oliver, A.J. Reposición del Glucógeno Muscular en la Recuperación del Deportista. Sport TK Rev. Euroam. Cienc. Deport. 2019, 8, 57–66. [Google Scholar]
- Mata, F.; Valenzuela, P.L.; Gimenez, J.; Tur, C.; Ferreria, D.; Domínguez, R.; Sanchez-Oliver, A.J.; Martínez Sanz, J.M. Carbohydrate Availability and Physical Performance: Physiological Overview and Practical Recommendations. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1084. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Maughan, R.J. Contamination of dietary supplements and positive drug tests in sport. J. Sports Sci. 2005, 23, 883–889. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
AIS Group | Type of Supplement | Males | Females | p-Value | ES |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group A | Sport foods | 1.45 ± 1.12 | 0.91 ± 0.83 | 0.151 | 0.52 |
Medical supplements | 0.32 ± 0.87 | 0.45 ± 0.69 | 0.653 | 0.16 | |
Performance supplements | 0.49 ± 1.15 | 0.18 ± 0.40 | 0.402 | 0.31 | |
Total group A | 2.26 ± 2.54 | 1.55 ± 1.57 | 0.390 | 0.31 | |
Group B | Sick pack | 0.23 ± 0.50 | 0.27 ± 0.47 | 0.786 | 0.08 |
Antioxidants | 0.29 ± 0.64 | 0.36 ± 0.67 | 0.750 | 0.11 | |
Amino acids | 0.16 ± 0.64 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.410 | 0.30 | |
Others | 0.16 ± 0.90 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.558 | 0.21 | |
Total group B | 0.84 ± 2.37 | 0.63 ± 1.12 | 0.788 | 0.10 | |
Group C | Total group C | 1.87 ± 6.77 | 0.55 ± 0.93 | 0.525 | 0.23 |
Group D | Total group D | 0.03 ± 0.18 | 0.00 | 0.558 | 0.20 |
AIS Group | Type of Supplement | National | International | p-Value | ES |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group A | Sport foods | 1.09 ± 1.03 | 2.00 ± 0.94 | 0.017 * | 0.92 |
Medical supplements | 0.38 ± 0.87 | 0.30 ± 0.67 | 0.804 | 0.10 | |
Performance supplements | 0.47 ± 1.13 | 0.20 ± 0.42 | 0.471 | 0.28 | |
Total group A | 1.94 ± 2.55 | 2.50 ± 1.43 | 0.512 | 0.25 | |
Group B | Sick pack | 0.22 ± 0.49 | 0.30 ± 0.48 | 0.649 | 0.17 |
Amino acids | 0.09 ± 0.53 | 0.20 ± 0.63 | 0.600 | 0.20 | |
Antioxidants | 0.28 ± 0.63 | 0.40 ± 0.70 | 0.617 | 0.19 | |
Others | 0.16 ± 0.88 | 0.00 | 0.582 | 0.22 | |
Total group B | 0.75 ± 2.24 | 0.90 ± 1.66 | 0.847 | 0.07 | |
Group C | Total group C | 1.59 ± 6.69 | 1.30 ± 1.16 | 0.892 | 0.05 |
Group D | Total group D | 0.03 ± 0.18 | 0.00 | 0.582 | 0.20 |
AIS Group | Supplement | Sex | Competitive Level | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males (n = 31) | Females (n = 11) | p-Value | OR | National (n = 32) | International (n = 10) | p-Value | OR | ||
Group A | Bars | 64.5% (20) | 63.6% (7) | 1.00 | 1.03 [0.36–2.95] | 59.4% (19) | 80.0% (8) | 0.286 | 1.23 [0.90–1.69] |
Isotonic drink | 61.3% (19) | 27.3% (3) | 0.081 | 2.93 [0.90–9.55] | 43.8% (14) | 80.0% (8) | 0.071 | 1.41 [1.00–2.00] | |
Vitamin D | 9.7% (3) | 18.2% (2) | 0.593 | 0.61 [0.18–2.05] | 12.5% (4) | 10.0% (1) | 1.00 | 0.95 [0.59–1.52] | |
Vitamin complex | 9.7% (3) | 18.2% (2) | 0.593 | 0.61 [0.18–2.05] | 9.4% (3) | 20.0% (2) | 0.577 | 1.31 [0.63–2.73] | |
Caffeine | 29.0% (9) | 9.1% (1) | 0.245 | 3.13 [0.45–21.51] | 25.0% (8) | 20.0% (2) | 1.00 | 0.94 [0.65–1.36] | |
Group B | Tyrosine | 19.4% (6) | 27.3% (3) | 0.67 | 0.73 [0.24–2.19] | 18.8% (6) | 30.0% (3) | 0.660 | 1.18 [0.72–1.94] |
Group C | Dextrose | 12.9% (4) | 9.1% (1) | 1.00 | 1.35 [0.22–8.44] | 3.1% (1) | 40.0% (4) | 0.008 * | 4.19 [0.72–24.32] |
AIS Group | Type of Supplement | Laser | RS:X | 420 | Techno-293 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group A | Sport foods | 1.00 ± 1.26 | 2.11 ± 0.93 | 1.17 ± 0.98 | 1.16 ± 0.72 | 0.079 |
Medical supplements | 0.53 ± 1.13 | 0.44 ± 0.73 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.25 ± 0.62 | 0.561 | |
Performance Supplements | 0.73 ± 1.58 | 0.50 ± 0.17 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.25 ± 0.45 | 0.427 | |
Total group A | 2.27 ± 3.51 | 2.89 ± 1.54 | 1.17 ± 0.98 | 1.67 ± 1.07 | 0.494 | |
Group B | Sick pack | 0.20 ± 0.56 | 0.44 ± 0.53 | 0.17 ± 0.41 | 0.17 ± 0.39 | 0.564 |
Amino acids | 0.20 ± 0.67 | 0.22 ± 0.67 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.701 | |
Antioxidants | 0.27 ± 0.70 | 0.67 ± 0.86 | 0.17 ± 0.41 | 0.17 ± 0.39 | 0.300 | |
Others | 0.33 ± 1.29 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.631 | |
Total group B | 1.00 ± 3.14 | 1.33 ± 1.80 | 0.33 ± 0.82 | 0.33 ± 0.78 | 0.675 | |
Group C | Total group C | 3.13 ± 9.70 | 1.22 ± 0.97 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.50 ± 0.90 | 0.601 |
Group D | Total group D | 0.067 ± 0.26 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.631 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Caraballo, I.; Domínguez, R.; Guerra-Hernandez, E.J.; Sánchez-Oliver, A.J. Analysis of Sports Supplements Consumption in Young Spanish Elite Dinghy Sailors. Nutrients 2020, 12, 993. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040993
Caraballo I, Domínguez R, Guerra-Hernandez EJ, Sánchez-Oliver AJ. Analysis of Sports Supplements Consumption in Young Spanish Elite Dinghy Sailors. Nutrients. 2020; 12(4):993. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040993
Chicago/Turabian StyleCaraballo, Israel, Raúl Domínguez, Eduardo J. Guerra-Hernandez, and Antonio J. Sánchez-Oliver. 2020. "Analysis of Sports Supplements Consumption in Young Spanish Elite Dinghy Sailors" Nutrients 12, no. 4: 993. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040993
APA StyleCaraballo, I., Domínguez, R., Guerra-Hernandez, E. J., & Sánchez-Oliver, A. J. (2020). Analysis of Sports Supplements Consumption in Young Spanish Elite Dinghy Sailors. Nutrients, 12(4), 993. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040993