Intake of Boiled Potato in Relation to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in a Large Norwegian Cohort: The HUNT Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Assessment of Boiled Potato Intake, Co-Variates, and Outcomes
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Overweight/Obesity
3.2. Blood Pressure
3.3. Blood Lipids
3.4. Metabolic Syndrome
3.5. Sensitivity Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Boiled Potato Consumption Per Week | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | <1 | 1–3 | 4–6 | Daily |
Number of participants | 2538 (6%) | 11,978 (27%) | 17,781 (41%) | 11,386 (26%) |
Age, years, mean (SD) | 37.4 (14.3) | 43.0 (13.1) | 51.9 (13.5) | 61.2 (13.0) |
Women/men | 1537/1001 | 6912/5066 | 9630/8151 | 6190/5196 |
Cigarette smoking, % current smoker | 28% | 25% | 24% | 26% |
Alcohol consumption, % >1/week | 13% | 16% | 17% | 13% |
Work type, % sedentary | 32% | 32% | 26% | 16% |
Physical activity, % <1/week | 21% | 21% | 23% | 31% |
Pasta/rice, % ≥4 times/week | 98% | 99% | 98% | 93% |
Risk Factor and Frequency of Boiled Potato Consumption | Number of Persons | Mean | Crude Mean Difference | Adjusted Mean Difference a | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body mass index, kg/m2 | |||||
<1 per week | 2538 | 26.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | Reference |
1–3 per week | 11,978 | 26.7 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.0 to 0.4 |
4–6 per week | 17,781 | 27.2 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.2 to 0.5 |
≥1 per day | 11,386 | 27.5 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 0.0 to 0.4 |
Waist circumference, cm | |||||
<1 per week | 2522 | 89.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | Reference |
1–3 per week | 11,917 | 91.2 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 0.1 to 1.0 |
4–6 per week | 17,730 | 93.5 | 3.8 | 1.1 | 0.6 to 1.6 |
≥1 per day | 11,366 | 94.9 | 5.3 | 0.9 | 0.3 to 1.4 |
SBP, mmHg | |||||
<1 per week | 2530 | 123.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | Reference |
1–3 per week | 11,937 | 125.4 | 2.1 | −0.6 | −1.3 to 0.9 |
4–6 per week | 17,732 | 130.1 | 6.8 | −0.6 | −1.3 to 0.7 |
≥1 per day | 11,337 | 135.5 | 12.1 | 0.0 | −0.8 to 0.7 |
DBP, mmHg | |||||
<1 per week | 2530 | 69.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | Reference |
1–3 per week | 11,935 | 71.8 | 2.0 | 0.4 | −0.1 to 0.8 |
4–6 per week | 17,728 | 74.0 | 4.3 | 0.5 | 0.0 to 0.9 |
≥1 per day | 11,338 | 74.9 | 5.1 | −0.1 | −0.6 to 0.3 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | |||||
<1 per week | 2439 | 5.11 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Reference |
1–3 per week | 11,628 | 5.31 | 0.20 | 0.05 | 0.00 to 0.09 |
4–6 per week | 17,363 | 5.58 | 0.47 | 0.10 | 0.06 to 0.15 |
≥1 per day | 11,126 | 5.78 | 0.67 | 0.09 | 0.05 to 0.14 |
Triglycerides, mmol/L b | |||||
<1 per week | 2490 | 0.22 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Reference |
1–3 per week | 11,820 | 0.26 | 0.05 | 0.01 | −0.01 to 0.03 |
4–6 per week | 17,609 | 0.34 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.01 to 0.05 |
≥1 per day | 11,264 | 0.40 | 0.22 | 0.04 | 0.02 to 0.06 |
HDL, mmol/L | |||||
<1 per week | 2439 | 1.36 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Reference |
1–3 per week | 11,628 | 1.35 | −0.02 | −0.02 | −0.04 to −0.01 |
4–6 per week | 17,362 | 1.35 | −0.01 | −0.03 | −0.04 to −0.02 |
≥1 per day | 11,126 | 1.37 | 0.01 | −0.03 | −0.05 to −0.02 |
Women | Men | Inter-action | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk Factor and Frequency of Boiled Potato Consumption | No. of Persons | Adjusted Mean Difference a | 95% CI | No. of Persons | Adjusted Mean Difference a | 95% CI | p |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | |||||||
<1 per week | 1537 | 0.0 | Reference | 1001 | 0.0 | Reference | <0.01 |
1–3 per week | 6912 | 0.2 | 0.0 to 0.5 | 5066 | 0.1 | −0.2 to 0.3 | |
4–6 per week | 9630 | 0.4 | 0.2 to 0.7 | 8151 | 0.2 | −0.1 to 0.4 | |
≥1 per day | 6190 | 0.2 | −0.1 to 0.5 | 5196 | 0.1 | −0.2 to 0.3 | |
Waist circumference, cm | |||||||
<1 per week | 1522 | 0.0 | Reference | 1000 | 0.0 | Reference | 0.01 |
1–3 per week | 6852 | 0.7 | 0.1 to 1.4 | 5066 | 0.1 | −0.6 to 0.8 | |
4–6 per week | 9585 | 1.5 | 0.9 to 2.2 | 8151 | 0.4 | −0.3 to 1.1 | |
≥1 per day | 6178 | 1.0 | 0.2 to 1.7 | 5196 | 0.3 | −0.4 to 1.1 | |
SBP, mmHg | |||||||
<1 per week | 1531 | 0.0 | Reference | 999 | 0.0 | Reference | <0.01 |
1–3 per week | 6887 | −0.6 | −1.5 to 0.3 | 5050 | −0.8 | −1.9 to 0.2 | |
4–6 per week | 9604 | −0.7 | −1.6 to 0.3 | 8128 | −0.7 | −1.8 to 0.4 | |
≥1 per day | 6159 | 0.2 | −0.8 to 1.2 | 5178 | −0.5 | −1.6 to 0.7 | |
DBP, mmHg | |||||||
<1 per week | 1531 | 0.0 | Reference | 999 | 0.0 | Reference | 0.02 |
1–3 per week | 6887 | 0.5 | −0.1 to 1.1 | 5050 | 0.2 | −0.5 to 0.9 | |
4–6 per week | 9604 | 0.7 | 0.1 to 1.3 | 8126 | 0.3 | −0.5 to 1.0 | |
≥1 per day | 6159 | 0.3 | −0.3 to 0.9 | 5177 | −0.7 | −1.4 to 0.1 | |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | |||||||
<1 per week | 1470 | 0.00 | Reference | 969 | 0.00 | Reference | <0.01 |
1–3 per week | 6692 | 0.00 | −0.06 to 0.05 | 4936 | 0.11 | 0.04 to 0.18 | |
4–6 per week | 9384 | 0.05 | −0.01 to 0.10 | 7979 | 0.18 | 0.10 to 0.25 | |
≥1 per day | 6036 | 0.03 | −0.03 to 0.10 | 5090 | 0.18 | 0.10 to 0.26 | |
Triglycerides, mmol/L b | |||||||
<1 per week | 1503 | 0.00 | Reference | 987 | 0.00 | Reference | <0.01 |
1–3 per week | 6809 | −0.03 | −0.06 to -0.01 | 5011 | 0.06 | 0.03 to 0.10 | |
4–6 per week | 9538 | −0.01 | −0.03 to 0.02 | 8071 | 0.08 | 0.05 to 0.11 | |
≥1 per day | 6109 | 0.01 | −0.02 to 0.03 | 5155 | 0.09 | 0.05 to 0.13 | |
HDL, mmol/L | |||||||
<1 per week | 1470 | 0.00 | Reference | 969 | 0.00 | Reference | |
1–3 per week | 6692 | −0.03 | −0.05 to −0.01 | 4936 | −0.02 | −0.04 to 0.00 | 0.38 |
4–6 per week | 9383 | −0.04 | −0.06 to −0.02 | 7979 | −0.02 | −0.04 to 0.00 | |
≥1 per day | 6036 | −0.04 | −0.06 to −0.02 | 5090 | −0.02 | −0.04 to 0.00 |
<25 kg/m2 | ≥25 kg/m2 | Inter-action | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk Factor and Frequency of Boiled Potato Consumption | No. of Persons | Adjusted Mean Difference a | 95% CI | No. of Persons | Adjusted Mean Difference a | 95% CI | p |
Waist circumference, cm | |||||||
<1 per week | 1134 | 0.0 | Reference | 1388 | 0.0 | Reference | <0.01 |
1–3 per week | 4597 | 0.5 | 0.0 to 0.9 | 7314 | −0.3 | −0.8 to 0.4 | |
4–6 per week | 5651 | 0.7 | 0.3 to 1.2 | 12,073 | 0.2 | −0.4 to 0.7 | |
≥1 per day | 3298 | 0.4 | −0.2 to 0.9 | 8060 | 0.4 | −0.2 to 1.0 | |
SBP, mmHg | |||||||
<1 per week | 1137 | 0.0 | Reference | 1393 | 0.0 | Reference | 0.48 |
1–3 per week | 4597 | −0.5 | −1.6 to 0.5 | 7340 | −0.6 | −1.6 to 0.3 | |
4–6 per week | 5651 | −0.7 | −1.7 to 0.4 | 12,081 | −0.6 | −1.6 to 0.3 | |
≥1 per day | 3298 | 0.3 | −0.9 to 1.4 | 8039 | −0.2 | −1.2 to 0.8 | |
DBP, mmHg | |||||||
<1 per week | 1137 | 0.0 | Reference | 1393 | 0.0 | Reference | 0.40 |
1–3 per week | 4595 | 0.1 | −0.6 to 0.8 | 7340 | 0.5 | −0.1 to 1.1 | |
4–6 per week | 5650 | 0.1 | −0.6 to 0.8 | 12,078 | 0.7 | 0.1 to 1.3 | |
≥1 per day | 3299 | −0.4 | −1.1 to 0.4 | 8039 | 0.0 | −0.6 to 0.7 | |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | |||||||
<1 per week | 1087 | 0.00 | Reference | 1352 | 0.00 | Reference | <0.01 |
1–3 per week | 4476 | 0.00 | −0.06 to 0.07 | 7152 | 0.05 | −0.01 to 0.11 | |
4–6 per week | 5524 | 0.04 | −0.03 to 0.11 | 11,839 | 0.11 | 0.05 to 0.17 | |
≥1 per day | 3260 | 0.02 | −0.06 to 0.09 | 7866 | 0.12 | 0.05 to 0.18 | |
Triglycerides, mmol/L b | |||||||
<1 per week | 1114 | 0.00 | Reference | 1376 | 0.00 | Reference | <0.01 |
1–3 per week | 4551 | −0.03 | −0.06 to 0.00 | 7269 | 0.04 | 0.01 to 0.07 | |
4–6 per week | 5612 | 0.01 | −0.04 to 0.02 | 11,997 | 0.05 | 0.02 to 0.08 | |
≥1 per day | 3291 | 0.01 | −0.03 to 0.04 | 7973 | 0.06 | 0.03 to 0.09 | |
HDL, mmol/L | |||||||
<1 per week | 1087 | 0.00 | Reference | 1352 | 0.00 | Reference | |
1–3 per week | 4476 | −0.03 | −0.05 to −0.01 | 7152 | −0.02 | −0.04 to −0.01 | 0.05 |
4–6 per week | 5524 | −0.03 | −0.06 to −0.01 | 11,838 | −0.03 | −0.04 to −0.01 | |
≥1 per day | 3260 | −0.04 | −0.06 to −0.01 | 7866 | −0.03 | −0.05 to −0.01 |
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Moholdt, T.; Devlin, B.L.; Nilsen, T.I.L. Intake of Boiled Potato in Relation to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in a Large Norwegian Cohort: The HUNT Study. Nutrients 2020, 12, 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010073
Moholdt T, Devlin BL, Nilsen TIL. Intake of Boiled Potato in Relation to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in a Large Norwegian Cohort: The HUNT Study. Nutrients. 2020; 12(1):73. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010073
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoholdt, Trine, Brooke L. Devlin, and Tom Ivar Lund Nilsen. 2020. "Intake of Boiled Potato in Relation to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in a Large Norwegian Cohort: The HUNT Study" Nutrients 12, no. 1: 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010073
APA StyleMoholdt, T., Devlin, B. L., & Nilsen, T. I. L. (2020). Intake of Boiled Potato in Relation to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in a Large Norwegian Cohort: The HUNT Study. Nutrients, 12(1), 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010073