Kinematics of Active Landslides in Achaia (Peloponnese, Greece) through InSAR Time Series Analysis and Relation to Rainfall Patterns
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Data, Methods and Results
3.1. SAR Data Processing
3.2. Rainfall Data
3.3. Validation of InSAR Time Series with GNSS Data
4. Discussion
4.1. Landslide Motion and Rainfall Pattern
4.2. Kinematic Characteristics of the Landslides
5. Conclusions
- i.
- The Krini, Agia Eleoussa monastery and Pititsa landslides are active landslides whose motion was measured by InSAR (C-band) time series analysis for the period 2016–2021.
- ii.
- We processed LiCSAR interferograms using the SBAS tool and we obtained average displacement maps. The results indicate slow ground motions toward the east and downward (subsidence).
- iii.
- The maximum displacement rate of each landslide is located at about the center of each landslide.
- iv.
- Our results point that there is a correlation between rainfall and landslide motion. For the Krini landslide, we found the mean time lag to be 13.5 days between the maximum rainfall and the maximum of LOS displacement (descending orbit data).
- v.
- The displacement rates of the Krini active landslide increase after a period of rainfall. Two of the three time periods examined showed an increase in the displacement rate by about 40% when the total rainfall was quite similar (~700 mm). The period September 2017–April 2018 showed an increase in the displacement rate by about 550%. This result was accompanied by a large amount of total rainfall (~1000 mm).
- vi.
- Our findings suggest that the amount of total rainfall could control the amount of increase of the displacement rate of an active landslide.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mean Velocity (mm/yr) | Median Velocity (mm/yr) | |
---|---|---|
Krini Up Component | −6.0 | −4.6 |
Krini E-W Component | 28.7 | 24.5 |
Krini LOS (ascending) | −22.0 | −18.7 |
Krini LOS (descending) | 12.5 | 11.0 |
Agia Eleoussa Up Component | −1.8 | −1.2 |
Agia Eleoussa E-W Component | 7.7 | 7.0 |
Agia Eleoussa LOS (ascending) | −7.1 | −6.3 |
Agia Eleoussa LOS (descending) | 5.5 | 5.2 |
Time Period of Time Series | Displacement Rates A (mm/yr) | Displacement Rates B (mm/yr) | Total Rainfall (mm) (Kato Vlassia Station) | Time Lag between Rainfall Peak and InSAR Time Series (Days) |
---|---|---|---|---|
6 September 2016–28 May 2017 | 14.8 | 20.8 | 712 | 17.6 |
19 September 2017–23 April 2018 | 16.6 | 92.6 | 1041 | 12 |
9 October 2019–6 May 2020 | 19.1 | 26.6 | 704 | 11 |
24 September 2020–31 May 2021 | 30.0 | 99.8 | 935 | 12 |
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Tsironi, V.; Ganas, A.; Karamitros, I.; Efstathiou, E.; Koukouvelas, I.; Sokos, E. Kinematics of Active Landslides in Achaia (Peloponnese, Greece) through InSAR Time Series Analysis and Relation to Rainfall Patterns. Remote Sens. 2022, 14, 844. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14040844
Tsironi V, Ganas A, Karamitros I, Efstathiou E, Koukouvelas I, Sokos E. Kinematics of Active Landslides in Achaia (Peloponnese, Greece) through InSAR Time Series Analysis and Relation to Rainfall Patterns. Remote Sensing. 2022; 14(4):844. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14040844
Chicago/Turabian StyleTsironi, Varvara, Athanassios Ganas, Ioannis Karamitros, Eirini Efstathiou, Ioannis Koukouvelas, and Efthimios Sokos. 2022. "Kinematics of Active Landslides in Achaia (Peloponnese, Greece) through InSAR Time Series Analysis and Relation to Rainfall Patterns" Remote Sensing 14, no. 4: 844. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14040844