Using the Multilevel Random Effect Model to Analyze the Behavior of Carpool Users in Different Cities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Model Methodology
4. Data
4.1. Data Description
4.2. Data Analysis
5. Model Estimation Results
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | No Carpool Experience | More Than One-Time Carpool Experience |
---|---|---|
The average number of total trips in one month | 42 | 59 |
The average of travel speed (mile/h) | 30.7 | 28.6 |
The percentage of peak hour trips (6 a.m.–10 a.m.) | 33.3 | 31.9 |
The average frequency of using APP per day | 1.4 | 2.0 |
The average number of carpooling as the driver | 1.7 | 9.9 |
The average frequency of using APP per day | 2.1 | 13.6 |
The average points during every trip for being a carpool driver | 12.0 | 37.1 |
The average points during every trip for being a carpool passenger | 21.7 | 68.0 |
Variables | No Carpool Experience | More than One-Time Carpool Experience | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
gender | ||||||
Male | 190 | 48.3 | 928 | 59.9 | 1118 | 57.5 |
Female | 195 | 49.6 | 584 | 37.7 | 779 | 40.1 |
Other | 8 | 2.0 | 38 | 2.5 | 46 | 2.4 |
Age | ||||||
18–25 | 24 | 6.1 | 144 | 9.3 | 168 | 8.6 |
26–34 | 72 | 18.3 | 434 | 28.0 | 506 | 26.0 |
35–45 | 148 | 37.7 | 570 | 36.8 | 718 | 37.0 |
46–55 | 75 | 19.1 | 264 | 17.0 | 339 | 17.4 |
56–65 | 74 | 18.8 | 138 | 8.9 | 212 | 10.9 |
Living situation | ||||||
Own house | 307 | 78.1 | 1,1250 | 72.6 | 1432 | 73.7 |
Rental house | 73 | 18.5 | 319 | 20.6 | 392 | 20.1 |
Live with friends/family | 13 | 3.3 | 106 | 6.8 | 119 | 6.1 |
How much flexibility to change the departure time | ||||||
No flexibility | 203 | 51.7 | 706 | 45.5 | 909 | 46.8 |
1–15 min | 190 | 48.3 | 844 | 54.5 | 1034 | 53.2 |
How long to find a parking | ||||||
Less than 5 min | 376 | 95.7 | 1416 | 91.4 | 1792 | 92.2 |
5–15 min | 16 | 4.1 | 120 | 7.7 | 136 | 7.0 |
Over 15 min | 1 | 0.3 | 14 | 0.9 | 15 | 0.8 |
Variable | 2016 Austin | 2017 Austin | 2016 El Paso | 2017 El Paso | 2016 Tucson | 2017 Tucson |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GOVTPT | 4875 | 4670 | 580 | 461 | 1186 | 1258 |
LTVEH | 161,222 | 164,358 | 69,242 | 69,033 | 82,880 | 82,389 |
GTVEH | 109,150 | 113,315 | 102,865 | 105,427 | 54,636 | 56,966 |
DRALONE | 199,626 | 204,468 | 126,921 | 128,741 | 88,348 | 90,617 |
CHCPLHH | 43,636 | 42,179 | 86,020 | 85,287 | 91,469 | 94,680 |
CHSGLHH | 38,405 | 39,268 | 52,735 | 52,377 | 46,762 | 44,247 |
SALAINCO | 36,782 | 38,867 | 26,676 | 27,380 | 25,275 | 26,224 |
MEDAGE | 36.9 | 36.9 | 40.0 | 39.9 | 38.5 | 37.4 |
Variable | Description and Unit | Mean | S.E. | Min. | Max. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable | |||||
REPUSER | Carpool user = 1; Non-carpool user = 0 | ||||
Area level characteristics (Level 2) | |||||
lnGOVTPT | ln (The total worker population of government workers’ principal mode to get from home to work is public transportation in each city) | 7.28 | 0.85 | 6.13 | 8.50 |
lnLTVEH | ln (The total worker population that the number of available vehicles at home and household members’ use is less than one vehicle in each city) | 11.45 | 0.33 | 11.14 | 12.01 |
lnDRALONE | ln (The total worker population of the commuter worker is male, and the primary travel type of working is driving alone in each city) | 11.09 | 0.35 | 10.73 | 11.62 |
lnCHSGLHH | ln (The total worker population that single-parent household that has children between the age of three and 17 who are enrolled in school in each city) | 10.72 | 0.11 | 10.56 | 10.87 |
Individual level characteristics (Level 1) | |||||
lnTotalTrip | ln (The number of total trips per month) | 3.58 | 1.09 | 0 | 5.67 |
Morning | The percentage of users starting a trip in the morning (6 a.m.–10 a.m.) during the observation month. | 0.32 | 0.18 | 0 | 1 |
DuoTimes | The number of times the user takes a trip as either a carpool passenger or driver during the observation month. | 19.51 | 29.88 | 0 | 264 |
lnTravelTime | ln (The average travel time of the user during the observation month) | 2.42 | 0.42 | 0.90 | 3.74 |
lnTravelSpeed | ln (The average travel speed of the user during the observation month) | 3.29 | 0.43 | 0.03 | 4.24 |
lnFreq | ln (The average frequency of using the Metropia app per day) | 0.17 | 1.09 | −3.43 | 2.27 |
lnDuodreward | ln (The average earned points per trip as a DUO driver during the observation month) | 0.03 | 5.87 | −9.21 | 5.16 |
DuoPct | The percentage of average earned points as either a DUO driver or passenger during the observation month. | 0.34 | 0.32 | 0 | 1 |
Male | Male = 1; others = 0 | 0.58 | 0.49 | 0 | 1 |
Age | Between 26 and 45 years old = 1; others = 0 | 0.46 | 0.50 | 0 | 1 |
Live | Living with friends/family = 1; others = 0 | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0 | 1 |
Flexibility | Do you have flexibility to change your departure time? 1 = Yes; 0 = No | 0.53 | 0.50 | 0 | 1 |
Parking | How long does it typically take you to find a parking? 1 = More than 5 min; 0 = Less than 5 min. | 0.08 | 0.27 | 0 | 1 |
Variables | Logistic Model | Multilevel Logistic Random-Effect Model | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | p-Value | S.E. | Coef. | p-Value | S.E. | ||
Aggregate level | lnGOVTPT | 0.275 | 0.076 * | 0.155 | 0.280 | 0.075 * | 0.158 |
lnLTVEH | 2.624 | 0.053 * | 1.356 | 2.627 | 0.057 * | 1.381 | |
lnDRALONE | −1.045 | 0.074 * | 0.584 | −0.990 | 0.096 * | 0.595 | |
lnCHSGLHH | 8.926 | 0.003 *** | 3.006 | 8.879 | 0.004 *** | 3.058 | |
Individual level | lnTotalTrip | 4.685 | 0.066 * | 2.548 | 5.209 | 0.046 ** | 2.614 |
Morning | 0.815 | 0.030 ** | 0.375 | 0.666 | 0.089 * | 0.391 | |
DuoTimes | 0.015 | 0.059 * | 0.008 | 0.023 | 0.009 ** | 0.009 | |
lnTravelTime | −0.402 | 0.023 ** | 0.177 | −0.500 | 0.006 ** | 0.182 | |
lnTravelSpeed | 0.952 | 0.000 *** | 0.237 | 1.439 | 0.000 *** | 0.257 | |
lnFreq | −4.674 | 0.067 * | 2.550 | −5.166 | 0.048 ** | 2.616 | |
lnDuodreward | 0.136 | 0.000 *** | 0.014 | 0.119 | 0.000 *** | 0.014 | |
DuoPct | 2.554 | 0.000 *** | 0.538 | 3.486 | 0.000 *** | 0.601 | |
Male | 0.219 | 0.135 | 0.146 | 0.320 | 0.033 ** | 0.150 | |
Age | 0.330 | 0.024 ** | 0.146 | 0.291 | 0.054 * | 0.151 | |
Live | 0.965 | 0.011 ** | 0.379 | 1.326 | 0.001 *** | 0.388 | |
Flexibility | 0.243 | 0.091 * | 0.144 | 0.299 | 0.053 * | 0.155 | |
Parking | 1.449 | 0.000 *** | 0.315 | 1.487 | 0.000 *** | 0.322 | |
Intercept | −13.424 | 0.001 *** | 4.200 | −13.810 | 0.001 *** | 4.280 | |
sigma_u | - | 0.634 | 0.027 ** | 0.276 | |||
rho | - | 0.109 | 0.002 ** | 0.045 | |||
N | 1943 | 1943 | |||||
AIC | 1492.879 | 1194.909 | |||||
BIC | 1693.204 | 1300.777 | |||||
Log-likelihood | −658.564 | −679.234 | |||||
McFadden’s pseudo-R2 | 0.328 | 0.370 |
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Chen, T.-Y.; Jou, R.-C.; Chiu, Y.-C. Using the Multilevel Random Effect Model to Analyze the Behavior of Carpool Users in Different Cities. Sustainability 2021, 13, 937. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020937
Chen T-Y, Jou R-C, Chiu Y-C. Using the Multilevel Random Effect Model to Analyze the Behavior of Carpool Users in Different Cities. Sustainability. 2021; 13(2):937. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020937
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Tzu-Ying, Rong-Chang Jou, and Yi-Chang Chiu. 2021. "Using the Multilevel Random Effect Model to Analyze the Behavior of Carpool Users in Different Cities" Sustainability 13, no. 2: 937. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020937