Advancing Households’ Sustainable Energy through Gender Attitudes towards Rooftop PV Installations: A Case of the Central Highlands, Vietnam
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Research Model and Analysis
2.2.1. The Trilogy of Attitude Model
Cognitive Component
Affective Component
Conative Component
2.2.2. Multi-Attribute Attitude Model
2.2.3. Trying to Consume Model
2.2.4. Attitude-Toward-The-Ad Model
2.2.5. The Role of Government in the Development of Sustainable Energy
Reliability Analysis
Exploratory Factor Analysis
- Bartlett test (Sig. <0.05) and the average variance extracted >50%;
- Factor loading >0.5 and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) 0.5 ≤ KMO ≤ 1;
- The variables with KMO <0.5 were removed from the model [42].
Multicollinearity Diagnostics
3. Results
3.1. Demographics of Respondents
3.2. Test the Difference of Genders’ Attitude towards Rooftop PV
3.3. Reliability and Factor Statistics
3.4. Multicollinearity Diagnostics
4. Discussion
- –
- The Vietnamese government has an important role in the development of renewable energy. Therefore, they should conduct a survey to decide the best form of support to provide that fits people’s needs when installing rooftop PV systems.
- –
- In addition, education also has an important effect on making people aware of alternative power, and environmental mentions would help people enhance their awareness of environmental protection through using alternative sources of electricity, such as rooftop solar. Policymakers should organize seminars through village meetings to educate people about the meaning of rooftop PV in sustainable energy development, as well as provide incentives for system installation.
- –
- In fact, Vietnam has been successful in implementing gender equality since 2015 and the gap between the two sexes in all main areas of life, including economics, culture, and society, has been significantly narrowed [46]. Erwin (2016) found that the entrepreneurial spirit and gender of both men and women in Vietnam are similar [47]. The results of this study indicate that there is no difference between genders in their attitude towards rooftop PV installations; thus, policymakers can design awareness-raising training equally for both genders, regardless of whether attendees are male or female.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic Variables | Explanations | Category | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total (households) | 300 | 100 | ||
Age | Age (in year) | 20–30 | 7 | 2.3 |
31–40 | 109 | 36.3 | ||
41–50 | 125 | 41.7 | ||
51–60 | 55 | 18.3 | ||
Over 60 | 4 | 1.3 | ||
Gender | Gender | Male | 153 | 51.0 |
Female | 147 | 49.0 | ||
Education | Education | Primary school | 0 | 0 |
Secondary school | 2 | 0.7 | ||
High school | 160 | 53.3 | ||
College | 102 | 34.0 | ||
Postgraduate | 36 | 12.0 | ||
Rooftop-material | Rooftop material | Corrugated iron roof | 144 | 48 |
Tile roof | 67 | 22.3 | ||
Concrete flat roof | 36 | 12 | ||
Others | 53 | 17.7 | ||
Level_electricity_consumed | Level of power consumption (kWh) | Level 1: 0–50 | 0 | 0 |
Level 2: 51–100 | 49 | 16.3 | ||
Level 3: 101–200 | 119 | 39.7 | ||
Level 4: 201–300 | 87 | 29.0 | ||
Level 5: 301–400 | 31 | 10.3 | ||
Level 6: 400 | 14 | 4.7 | ||
Income_per_family_member | Income per family member in the previous year | <1000 | 0 | 0 |
1000–2999 | 127 | 42.3 | ||
3000–4999 | 62 | 20.7 | ||
5000–6999 | 54 | 18.0 | ||
7000–8999 | 25 | 8.3 | ||
9000–10,999 | 7 | 2.3 | ||
11,000–12,999 | 9 | 3.0 | ||
13,000–14,999 | 12 | 4.0 | ||
≥15,000 | 4 | 1.3 |
Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances | T-Test for Equality of Means | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | Sig. | T | Df | Sig. (2-Tailed) | Mean Difference | Std. Error Difference | 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference | |||
Lower | Upper | |||||||||
Household_ attitude | Equal variances assumed | 0.019 | 0.892 | 0.095 | 298 | 0.924 | 0.0079587 | 0.0836858 | −0.1567313 | 0.1726488 |
Equal variances not assumed | 0.095 | 297.596 | 0.924 | 0.0079587 | 0.0836803 | −0.1567214 | 0.1726389 |
Variables | Explanation | Factor Loading | Number of Items | Cronbach’s Alpha |
---|---|---|---|---|
Households’ attitudes | Households’ opinion toward installing a rooftop PV system | 3 | 0.882 | |
Attitude1 | 1. I think that rooftop PV is a good and reliable long-term investment | 0.920 | ||
Attitude2 | 2. I think that a rooftop PV system will increase the utility of my house | 0.895 | ||
Attitude3 | 3. I think that rooftop PV is good for the environment because it can mitigate global warming | 0.886 |
Variables | Explanation | Factor Loading | Number of Items | Cronbach’s Alpha |
---|---|---|---|---|
Social demographic factor | ||||
Household_perception | Households’ perception about rooftop PV | 5 | 0.634 | |
Perception 1 | 1. The rooftop PV system will supply power to my household throughout the day. | 0.818 | ||
Perception 2 | 2. Installing rooftop PV will help my households to reduce the monthly power bill | 0.894 | ||
Perception 3 | 3. Rooftop PV will be a source of alternative energy in the future. | 0.660 | ||
Perception 4 | 4. Power can be generated in the winter by rooftop PV. | 0.865 | ||
Perception 5 | 5. The roof of my house will be protected from external factors and increase its lifespan by installing rooftop PV. | 0.869 | ||
Environmental_mention | The household’s mention of the environmental conservation features of rooftop PV. | 3 | 0.871 | |
Environmental_mention 1 | 1. Rooftop PV will help mitigate climate change | 0.850 | ||
Environmental_mention 2 | 2. I will contribute to the sustainability of nature and humanity if I install a rooftop PV system. | 0.886 | ||
Environmental_mention 3 | 3. The owner of a rooftop PV will feel better since the system does not affect the climate. | 0.878 | ||
Household_innovativeness | Innovativeness of the household in relation to new energy options | 3 | 0.849 | |
Innovativeness 1 | 1. I will be interested in trying to install rooftop PV if I know that it is available | 0.866 | ||
Innovativeness 2 | 2. I’ve found more knowledge about rooftop PV than my friends | 0.886 | ||
Innovativeness 3 | 3. Even though none of my friends have tried to install rooftop PV, I will do it | 0.844 | ||
Government_motivation | Government incentives relating to smart-grid rooftop solar electricity | 4 | 0.817 | |
Government_motivation 1 | 1. I think the Vietnamese government’s policies are good for promoting rooftop PV | 0.794 | ||
Government_motivation 2 | 2. The government is now offering a 20-year feed-in tariff to buy back power from rooftop PV at 9.35 US cent/kWh, which is appealing to me | 0.796 | ||
Government_motivation 3 | 3. I think that the government incentive for rooftop PV will motivate people to install that system for their house | 0.800 | ||
Government_motivation 4 | 4. I assume that the government incentive for rooftop PV will continue for a long time | 0.801 |
Component | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
Government_motivation4 | 0.802 | |||
Government_motivation3 | 0.799 | |||
Government_motivation2 | 0.795 | |||
Government_motivation1 | 0.794 | |||
Perception2 | 0.902 | |||
Perception4 | 0.880 | |||
Perception5 | 0.864 | |||
Environmental_mention2 | 0.890 | |||
Environmental_mention3 | 0.883 | |||
Environmental_mention1 | 0.848 | |||
Innovativeness2 | 0.884 | |||
Innovativeness1 | 0.865 | |||
Innovativeness3 | 0.847 |
Model | Collinearity Statistics | |
---|---|---|
Tolerance | VIF | |
(Constant) | ||
Age | 0.988 | 1.012 |
Gender | 0.987 | 1.013 |
Education | 0.894 | 1.118 |
Rooftop_material | 0.962 | 1.039 |
Level_electricity_consumed | 0.918 | 1.09 |
Income_per_family_member | 0.93 | 1.075 |
Household_perception | 0.845 | 1.183 |
Environmental_mention | 0.85 | 1.176 |
Household_innovativeness | 0.879 | 1.137 |
Government_motivation | 0.913 | 1.095 |
Model | Unstandardized Coefficients | Standardized Coefficients | T | Sig. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Std. Error | Beta | ||||
1 | (Constant) | 0.878 | 0.339 | 2.589 | 0.010 | |
Age | −0.064 | 0.046 | −0.072 | −1.391 | 0.165 | |
Gender | −0.044 | 0.074 | −0.030 | −0.585 | 0.559 | |
Education | 0.117 | 0.053 | 0.120 | 2.208 | 0.028 | |
Rooftop_material | −0.030 | 0.033 | −0.048 | −0.918 | 0.359 | |
Level_electricity_consumed | 0.023 | 0.036 | 0.034 | 0.642 | 0.521 | |
Income_per_family_member | 0.025 | 0.027 | 0.051 | 0.953 | 0.341 | |
Household_perception | 0.133 | 0.039 | 0.187 | 3.361 | 0.001 | |
Environmental_mention | 0.107 | 0.038 | 0.158 | 2.837 | 0.005 | |
Household_innovativeness | 0.107 | 0.056 | 0.105 | 1.918 | 0.056 | |
Government_motivation | 0.236 | 0.056 | 0.226 | 4.220 | 0.000 |
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Jirakiattikul, S.; Lan, T.T.; Techato, K. Advancing Households’ Sustainable Energy through Gender Attitudes towards Rooftop PV Installations: A Case of the Central Highlands, Vietnam. Sustainability 2021, 13, 942. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020942
Jirakiattikul S, Lan TT, Techato K. Advancing Households’ Sustainable Energy through Gender Attitudes towards Rooftop PV Installations: A Case of the Central Highlands, Vietnam. Sustainability. 2021; 13(2):942. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020942
Chicago/Turabian StyleJirakiattikul, Sopin, Tran Thi Lan, and Kuaanan Techato. 2021. "Advancing Households’ Sustainable Energy through Gender Attitudes towards Rooftop PV Installations: A Case of the Central Highlands, Vietnam" Sustainability 13, no. 2: 942. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020942
APA StyleJirakiattikul, S., Lan, T. T., & Techato, K. (2021). Advancing Households’ Sustainable Energy through Gender Attitudes towards Rooftop PV Installations: A Case of the Central Highlands, Vietnam. Sustainability, 13(2), 942. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020942