Preliminary Assessment of the Geological and Mining Heritage of the Golden Quadrilateral (Metaliferi Mountains, Romania) as a Potential Geotourism Destination
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
4.1. Inventory of Geological and Mining Heritage of the Study Area
- (i)
- The village of Săcărâmb (former Nagyág) (site no. 3 in Table 1 and Figure 1b), due to its importance for mining history not only of the Apuseni Mountains but, also, of Europe. Săcărâmb is an epithermal Au-Ag-tellurides ore deposit, world-famous for its richness in precious minerals and, especially, for the very high contents in gold and tellurides. The ore deposit was discovered in 1740s [38,44,49], and since then, the Săcărâmb mines have been in production for over 250 years. The mining activity ceased in 2006. Săcărâmb is the type locality for eight minerals (see below). Figure S1a shows the location of the Săcărâmb Village in an area with volcanic structures of Neogene age. An image taken in this village is presented in Figure S1b, in which, in the foreground, a dry stone fence made of andesites (the main volcanic rock occurring in this area) can be seen. This construction technique, used in some of villages in the Apuseni Mountains, gives a special charm to the villages and should be preserved;
- (ii)
- The “Roman Stairs” Mine Gallery (site no. 5 in Table 1 and Figure 1b), an important mining heritage from Roman period in Dacia (2nd to 3rd centuries A.D.). At that time, Brad area was a very famous mining center for gold in Europe ([38] (pp. 394–396); [49] (pp. 106–109)). The adit of the Roman mine (Figure S2) is located on the left slope of Ruda Valley (a right tributary of the Luncoiul Stream), upstream of the village of Ruda-Brad. The mine was dug by hand (mainly with hammers and chisels) using the stairs method for the exploitation of the deeper part of the ore deposit. The “Roman Stairs” mine gallery is on the list of Historical Monuments of Romania (archaeological site) [31]. According to the Annex 3 of the Law no. 5/2000 [28], it is also a cultural heritage (historic monument of exceptional value), category: industrial architecture (from Roman times);
- (iii)
- (iv)
- The Gold Mining Museum in Roșia Montană, Alba County (site no. 8 in Table 1), a site of both mining and industrial architecture heritage, and historical and archaeological heritage.
4.1.1. Two Proposed Itineraries
- First Itinerary (Itinerary A—Day 1)
- AI.
- Citadel Hill
- AII.
- Măgura Uroiului
- AIII.
- Limestones from Măgura Hill
- AIV.
- Gold Museum
- AV.
- Vulcan Mountain
- Second Itinerary (Itinerary B—Day 2)
- BI.
- Gold Mining Museum
- BII.
- Detunata Goală
- BIII.
- Limestones from Valea Mică
4.2. Quantitative Assessment of the Sites Included in the Proposed Itineraries
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site No | Site Name | Locality /County * | GPS Coordinates | Main Features | Short Description | Value ** | Designation | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Dealul Cetății Deva (Citadel Hill) | Deva /HD | 45°53′21″ N 22°53′48″ E | Landscape, magmatism, petrology, panoramic view | A Miocene subvolcanic body of andesites and a 13th century fortress built at the upper part of it; Medieval architectural ensemble, archaeological site | S, E, T, A/H, C | Nature Reserve | 1954 |
2 | Măgura Uroiului | Uroi; Simeria; Rapoltu Mare/HD | 45°51′39″ N 23°02′39″ E | Type locality (mineralogy locality), petrology, volcanic landform | Quaternary volcanic dome of alkaline rocks (trachyandesites); type locality for two minerals; archaeological site | S, E, T, A/H | Nature Reserve | 1988 |
3 | Săcărâmb Village | Certejul de Sus/HD | 45°58′25″ N 23°02′12″ E | Type locality, mineralogy, ore deposit, mining heritage | Old mining locality (nearly 250 years of continuous mining activity); Neogene Au-Ag-Te epithermal deposit; type locality for eight minerals | S, E, M, C, H, T | - | - |
4 | Limestones from Măgura Hill | Băița /HD | 46°01′48″ N 22°52′34″ E | Stratigraphy, sedimentary processes, speleology | Late Jurassic sedimentary rocks (Tithonian reef limestones on Oxfordian–Kimmeridgian calcareous breccia); dolines and caves; cave habitations (archaeological site) | S, E, A/H, T | Nature Reserve | 1988 |
5 | “Roman Stairs” Mine Gallery | Ruda-Brad; Brad /HD | 46°05′36″ N 22°50′37″ E | Mining heritage, history of mining | Mining heritage from Roman period in Dacia (2nd to 3rd centuries A.D.); mining industrial heritage, archaeological site | S, E, M, A/H, C | - | - |
6 | Gold Museum | Brad /HD | 46°07′44″ N 22°47′28″ E | Mineralogy, metallogeny, ore deposits, history of mining | Collections: exceptional specimens of minerals and rocks (most of them from gold mines of Romania); hundreds of native gold and gold-bearing samples; mining tools; mining-related documents | S, E, M, A/H, C, T | - | - |
7 | Vulcan Mountain | Buceș /HD | 46°14′18″ N 22°57′44″ E | Geomorphology,stratigraphy, tectonics, paleontology | Kimmeridgian–Berriasian massive limestones on Hauterivian–Lower Aptian flysch deposits; gravitational nappe, fossils, dolines, talus deposit (see Section 4.1.1) | S, E, T | Nature Reserve | 1978 |
8 | Gold Mining Museum | Roșia Montană Village /AB | 46°18′15″ N 23°06′52″ E | Mining and mining industrial heritage, archaeological/historical heritage | In Roșia Montană (ancient Alburnus Maior), mining activities are known since Antiquity. Museum consists in: an underground part (Roman galleries) and an open air part (equipment for mining and ore processing, archaeological vestiges) | S, E, M, A/H, C, T | - | - |
9 | Piatra Corbului | Roșia Montană commune /AB | 46°17′50″ N 23°08′01″ E | Endogenous and exogenous processes | Named the Raven’s Rock (in Romanian) due to the fact that its form resembles a crow’s head, the magmatic rocks occur in the area of the Roșia Montană ore deposit | S, E, T | Natural Monument | 1999 |
10 | Piatra Despicată | Roșia Montană commune/AB | 46°17′51″ N 23°07′40″ E | A huge exotic block of magmatic rocks | A legend says that a giant carrying the block over the Apuseni Mts., dropped it right there, where it is now | S, T, C | Natural Monument | 1999 |
11 | Detunata Goală | Bucium /AB | 46°16′38″ N 23°10′53″ E | Scenic volcanic landform, history of geology | Neogene basaltic andesites occurring as spectacular columns that dominate the landscape of the area; first declared natural monument of geological interest in Romania | S, E, T, C | Natural Monument | 1938 |
12 | Detunata Flocoasă | Bucium /AB | 46°16′01″ N 23°12′05″ E | Volcanic processes, mineralogy, petrology | The same main features as site no. 11, but this one is more covered by vegetation | S, E, T, C | Natural Monument | 1968 |
13 | Limestones from Valea Mică | Valea Mică; Zlatna /AB | 46°04′47″ N 23°16′38″ E | Tectonics, stratigraphy, sedimentary klippes (olistoliths) | Imposing white block (steep cliffs) of Mesozoic sedimentary rocks detached from a carbonate platform; cave | S, E, T, C | Nature Reserve | 1994 |
Mineral | Chemical Formula | Year * | Type Locality | County ** |
---|---|---|---|---|
pseudobrookite | (Fe3+2Ti)O5 | 1878 (1988 r.d.) *** | Uroi | HD |
magnesio-fluoro- -hastingsite | NaCa2(Mg4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22F2 | 2005 (2012 r.d.) | Uroi | HD |
alabandite | MnS | 1832 | Săcărâmb | HD |
nagyágite | [Pb3(Pb,Sb)3S6](Au,Te)3 | 1845 | Săcărâmb | HD |
petzite | Ag3AuTe2 | 1845 | Săcărâmb | HD |
krennerite | Au3AgTe8 | 1877 | Săcărâmb | HD |
muthmannite | AuAgTe2 | 1911 | Săcărâmb | HD |
stützite | Ag5-xTe3 (x = 0.24 − 0.36) | 1951 (1964 r.d.) | Săcărâmb | HD |
krautite | Mn(AsO3OH)·H2O | 1974 | Săcărâmb | HD |
museumite | [Pb2(Pb,Sb)2S8][(Te,Au)2] | 2003 | Săcărâmb | HD |
alburnite | Ag8GeTe2S4 | 2012 | Roșia Montană | AB |
sylvanite | AgAuTe4 | 1835 | Baia de Arieș | AB |
tellurium | Te | 1802 | Fața Băii | AB |
tellurite | TeO2 | 1845 | Fața Băii | AB |
Criteria | Itinerary A | Itinerary B | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AI | AII | AIII | AV | BII | BIII | |||||||
Criterion Score = Indicator Value × Criterion Weight | ||||||||||||
Edu | Geot | Edu | Geot | Edu | Geot | Edu | Geot | Edu | Geot | Edu | Geot | |
Vulnerability | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 20 | 20 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 20 | 20 |
Accesibility | 40 | 40 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 40 | 40 |
Use limitations | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 15 | 15 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
Safety | 40 | 40 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 20 | 20 | 30 | 30 |
Logistics | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 15 | 15 | 20 | 20 | 15 | 15 |
Density of population | 20 | 20 | 15 | 15 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Association with other values | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 5 | 5 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
Scenery | 20 | 60 | 20 | 60 | 5 | 15 | 15 | 45 | 15 | 45 | 5 | 15 |
Uniqueness | 5 | 10 | 20 | 40 | 5 | 10 | 5 | 10 | 10 | 20 | 5 | 10 |
Observation conditions | 40 | 20 | 40 | 20 | 40 | 20 | 40 | 20 | 40 | 20 | 40 | 20 |
Didactic potential | 80 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | ||||||
Geological diversity | 30 | 40 | 40 | 30 | 30 | 30 | ||||||
Interpretative potential | 30 | 20 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | ||||||
Economic level | 15 | 10 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 10 | ||||||
Proximity of recreational areas | 20 | 20 | 5 | 0 | 10 | 10 | ||||||
Final Score | 375 | 355 | 355 | 345 | 290 | 225 | 295 | 255 | 305 | 280 | 285 | 240 |
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Milu, V. Preliminary Assessment of the Geological and Mining Heritage of the Golden Quadrilateral (Metaliferi Mountains, Romania) as a Potential Geotourism Destination. Sustainability 2021, 13, 10114. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810114
Milu V. Preliminary Assessment of the Geological and Mining Heritage of the Golden Quadrilateral (Metaliferi Mountains, Romania) as a Potential Geotourism Destination. Sustainability. 2021; 13(18):10114. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810114
Chicago/Turabian StyleMilu, Viorica. 2021. "Preliminary Assessment of the Geological and Mining Heritage of the Golden Quadrilateral (Metaliferi Mountains, Romania) as a Potential Geotourism Destination" Sustainability 13, no. 18: 10114. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810114