Crop Structure Changes Altered the Cropland Nitrogen Balance between 2005 and 2015 on the Sanjiang Plain, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. County-Level Database
2.3. Nitrogen Balance
2.4. Nitrogen Surplus Intensity, Nitrogen Use Efficiency
2.5. Statisical Analysis
2.6. Uncertainty Analysis of N Budgets
3. Results
3.1. Agricultural Development and Crop Yield
3.2. Nitrogen Input, Output, and Agricultural Balance
3.3. Spatial Patterns of Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Nitrogen Surplus Intensity
3.4. Impacts of Agricultural Development on NUE
3.5. Uncertainty Analysis of N Budgets
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2015–2005 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Population (106) | 7.2 | 7.4 | 6.3 | −12.7 |
Rural population (106) | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.0 | −11.1 |
Livestock population (cattle, pigs, sheep) (106) | 7.0 | 8.3 | 8.5 | 20.6 |
Cultivated land area (105 ha) | 21.9 | 28.6 | 30.4 | 39.2 |
Chemical fertilizers (104 t N) | 18.1 | 24.9 | 26.2 | 45.1 |
Total food grain production (106 kg) | 7763.5 | 13,783.0 | 18,464.8 | 137.8 |
Productivity of food grains (kg/ha) | 4012.1 | 5120.2 | 6616.5 | 64.9 |
N fertilizer rate (kg/ha) | 82.6 | 86.9 | 86.2 | 4.3 |
N Budget Term | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amount (104 t N) | % of Input | Amount (104 t N) | % of Input | Amount (104 t N) | % of Input | |
Input | ||||||
Chemical fertilizers | 18.1 | 38.3 | 24.9 | 42.3 | 26.2 | 51.0 |
Irrigation | 0.9 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 2.9 | 2.2 | 4.2 |
Atmospheric deposition | 3.3 | 7.0 | 4.3 | 7.3 | 4.6 | 9.0 |
Biological fixation | 18.5 (17.3–19.7) | 39.2 | 20.11 (18.9–21.3) | 34.2 | 10.6 (10.3–10. 9) | 20.6 |
Non-symbiotic | 2.4 | 4.2 | 6.7 | |||
Symbiotic | 16.1 (14.8–17.3) | 15.9 (14.7–17.2) | 3.9 (3.6–4.2) | |||
Recycled N | 6.4 | 13.6 | 7.8 | 13.3 | 7.9 | 15.4 |
Animal waste | 3.8 | 4.1 | 4.0 | |||
Human waste | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.2 | |||
Crop residue | 2.1 | 3.2 | 3.7 | |||
Total input | 47.2 (46.0–48.4) | 58.8 (57.6–60.1) | 51.5 (51.2–51.8) | |||
Output | ||||||
Harvested crops | ||||||
Wheat | 0.3 | 0.02 | 0 | |||
Maize | 6.3 | 17.5 | 28.0 | |||
Rice | 4.2 | 6.8 | 10.2 | |||
Soybeans | 20.0 | 19.7 | 5.4 | |||
Tuber crops | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | |||
Oil crops | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.3 | |||
Sugar beet | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0 | |||
Tobacco | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | |||
Vegetables | 1.4 | 0.7 | 0.5 | |||
Fruits | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.02 | |||
Total output | 33.0 | 46.4 | 44.8 | |||
Budget (input–output) | 14.2 | 12.4 | 6.7 | |||
Nitrogen surplus intensity (kg/ha) | 65.0 | 43.5 | 22.2 | |||
Nitrogen use efficiency (%) | 69.9 | 78.8 | 86.9 |
Coefficients | Standard Error | |
---|---|---|
Constant | 92.020 | 86.834 |
NUE in 2005 | −0.990 * | 0.393 |
N input per unit area in 2005 | −0.372 * | 0.161 |
Change in N input per unit area between 2005 and 2015 | −0.341 *** | 0.081 |
Area percentage under soybean in 2005 | 0.552 | 1.138 |
Change in area percentage under soybean between 2005 and 2015 | 0.446 | 0.938 |
Area percentage under rice in 2005 | 0.416 | 0.699 |
Change in area percentage under rice between 2005 and 2015 | 0.164 | 0.543 |
Area percentage under maize in 2005 | 1.092 | 1.119 |
Change in area percentage under maize between 2005 and 2015 | 0.781 † | 0.424 |
R2 | 0.554 | - |
N | 22 | - |
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Yang, C.; Zheng, H.; Huang, B.; Li, R.; Ouyang, Z.; Li, C. Crop Structure Changes Altered the Cropland Nitrogen Balance between 2005 and 2015 on the Sanjiang Plain, China. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4011. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10114011
Yang C, Zheng H, Huang B, Li R, Ouyang Z, Li C. Crop Structure Changes Altered the Cropland Nitrogen Balance between 2005 and 2015 on the Sanjiang Plain, China. Sustainability. 2018; 10(11):4011. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10114011
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Chunxia, Hua Zheng, Binbin Huang, Ruonan Li, Zhiyun Ouyang, and Cong Li. 2018. "Crop Structure Changes Altered the Cropland Nitrogen Balance between 2005 and 2015 on the Sanjiang Plain, China" Sustainability 10, no. 11: 4011. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10114011