Assessment of Influenza D Virus in Domestic Pigs and Wild Boars in France: Apparent Limited Spread within Swine Populations Despite Serological Evidence of Breeding Sow Exposure
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Samples
2.2. Virus Strains
2.3. Production of Reference Reagents in Specific Pathogen Free Pigs
2.4. Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay for the Detection of Anti-IDV Antibodies in Swine Serum
2.5. Duplex PB1-Gene/β-Actin RT-qPCR
3. Results
3.1. Specificity of Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay for Detection of Anti-IDV Antibodies in Swine Serum
3.2. Screening of Domestic Pig Sera for Antibodies Directed against Influenza D Virus
3.3. Screening of Wild Boar Sera for Antibodies Directed against Influenza D Virus
3.4. Screening of Pig Nasal Swab Supernatants for Influenza D Virus Genome
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Antigen * | Swine Hyperimmune Sera Containing Antibodies Directed against Reference Influenza Virus Strains * | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IDV | IAV-H1avN1 | IAV-H1N1p $ | IAV-H1huN2 | IAV-H3N2 | IBV-V | IBV-Y | ICV | |
IDV | 640–1280 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 |
IAV-H1avN1 | <10 | 640–1280 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 |
IAV-H1N1p $ | <10 | <10–10 | 640–1280 | 10–20 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 |
IAV-H1huN2 | <10 | <10–10 | 10 | 1280–2560 | 10–20 | <10 | <10 | <10 |
IAV-H3N2 | <10 | <10 | <10–10 | 10–20 | 2560–5120 | <10 | <10 | <10 |
IBV-V | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | 640–1280 | 10–20 | <10 |
IBV-Y | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | 10 | 320–640 | <10 |
ICV | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | 1280 |
Region | Herd ID * | Sampling Period | Animal Type | Number of Tested Samples | Number of Positive Samples | Positive Rate (%) | HI Titer Range (Mean HI Titer) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bretagne | A | February 2014 | sows | 30 | 1 | 3.3 | 20 (20) |
B | April 2014 | 30 | 2 | 6.7 | 20 (20) | ||
C | April 2014 | 30 | 1 | 3.3 | 20 (20) | ||
D | July 2014 | 30 | 1 | 3.3 | 20 (20) | ||
E | June 2014 | 30 | 22 | 73.3 | 20–160 (50) | ||
F | May 2015 | 30 | 4 | 13.3 | 20–80 (40) | ||
Corse | G | January 2014 | adult pigs | 12 | 1 | 8.3 | 20 (20) |
H | January 2014 | 6 | 1 | 16.7 | 40 (40) | ||
I | January 2014 | 14 | 1 | 7.1 | 20 (20) | ||
J | December 2013 | 7 | 1 | 14.3 | 40 (40) |
Herd ID * | Animal Type | Number of Tested Samples | Number of Positive Samples | Positive Rate (%) | HI Titer Range (Mean HI Titer) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
E | sows | 15 | 2 | 13.3 | 20–80 (40) |
16 w.-o. growing pigs | 15 | 0 | 0 | n.a. | |
22 w.-o. growing pigs | 15 | 0 | 0 | n.a. | |
F | sows | 30 | 1 | 3.3 | 20 (20) |
16 w.-o. growing pigs | 15 | 0 | 0 | n.a. | |
22 w.-o. growing pigs | 15 | 0 | 0 | n.a. |
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Gorin, S.; Fablet, C.; Quéguiner, S.; Barbier, N.; Paboeuf, F.; Hervé, S.; Rose, N.; Simon, G. Assessment of Influenza D Virus in Domestic Pigs and Wild Boars in France: Apparent Limited Spread within Swine Populations Despite Serological Evidence of Breeding Sow Exposure. Viruses 2020, 12, 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12010025
Gorin S, Fablet C, Quéguiner S, Barbier N, Paboeuf F, Hervé S, Rose N, Simon G. Assessment of Influenza D Virus in Domestic Pigs and Wild Boars in France: Apparent Limited Spread within Swine Populations Despite Serological Evidence of Breeding Sow Exposure. Viruses. 2020; 12(1):25. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12010025
Chicago/Turabian StyleGorin, Stéphane, Christelle Fablet, Stéphane Quéguiner, Nicolas Barbier, Frédéric Paboeuf, Séverine Hervé, Nicolas Rose, and Gaëlle Simon. 2020. "Assessment of Influenza D Virus in Domestic Pigs and Wild Boars in France: Apparent Limited Spread within Swine Populations Despite Serological Evidence of Breeding Sow Exposure" Viruses 12, no. 1: 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12010025
APA StyleGorin, S., Fablet, C., Quéguiner, S., Barbier, N., Paboeuf, F., Hervé, S., Rose, N., & Simon, G. (2020). Assessment of Influenza D Virus in Domestic Pigs and Wild Boars in France: Apparent Limited Spread within Swine Populations Despite Serological Evidence of Breeding Sow Exposure. Viruses, 12(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12010025