Assessment of Influenza D Virus in Domestic Pigs and Wild Boars in France: Apparent Limited Spread within Swine Populations Despite Serological Evidence of Breeding Sow Exposure
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Samples
2.2. Virus Strains
2.3. Production of Reference Reagents in Specific Pathogen Free Pigs
2.4. Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay for the Detection of Anti-IDV Antibodies in Swine Serum
2.5. Duplex PB1-Gene/β-Actin RT-qPCR
3. Results
3.1. Specificity of Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay for Detection of Anti-IDV Antibodies in Swine Serum
3.2. Screening of Domestic Pig Sera for Antibodies Directed against Influenza D Virus
3.3. Screening of Wild Boar Sera for Antibodies Directed against Influenza D Virus
3.4. Screening of Pig Nasal Swab Supernatants for Influenza D Virus Genome
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Antigen * | Swine Hyperimmune Sera Containing Antibodies Directed against Reference Influenza Virus Strains * | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IDV | IAV-H1avN1 | IAV-H1N1p $ | IAV-H1huN2 | IAV-H3N2 | IBV-V | IBV-Y | ICV | |
IDV | 640–1280 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 |
IAV-H1avN1 | <10 | 640–1280 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 |
IAV-H1N1p $ | <10 | <10–10 | 640–1280 | 10–20 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 |
IAV-H1huN2 | <10 | <10–10 | 10 | 1280–2560 | 10–20 | <10 | <10 | <10 |
IAV-H3N2 | <10 | <10 | <10–10 | 10–20 | 2560–5120 | <10 | <10 | <10 |
IBV-V | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | 640–1280 | 10–20 | <10 |
IBV-Y | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | 10 | 320–640 | <10 |
ICV | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | 1280 |
Region | Herd ID * | Sampling Period | Animal Type | Number of Tested Samples | Number of Positive Samples | Positive Rate (%) | HI Titer Range (Mean HI Titer) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bretagne | A | February 2014 | sows | 30 | 1 | 3.3 | 20 (20) |
B | April 2014 | 30 | 2 | 6.7 | 20 (20) | ||
C | April 2014 | 30 | 1 | 3.3 | 20 (20) | ||
D | July 2014 | 30 | 1 | 3.3 | 20 (20) | ||
E | June 2014 | 30 | 22 | 73.3 | 20–160 (50) | ||
F | May 2015 | 30 | 4 | 13.3 | 20–80 (40) | ||
Corse | G | January 2014 | adult pigs | 12 | 1 | 8.3 | 20 (20) |
H | January 2014 | 6 | 1 | 16.7 | 40 (40) | ||
I | January 2014 | 14 | 1 | 7.1 | 20 (20) | ||
J | December 2013 | 7 | 1 | 14.3 | 40 (40) |
Herd ID * | Animal Type | Number of Tested Samples | Number of Positive Samples | Positive Rate (%) | HI Titer Range (Mean HI Titer) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
E | sows | 15 | 2 | 13.3 | 20–80 (40) |
16 w.-o. growing pigs | 15 | 0 | 0 | n.a. | |
22 w.-o. growing pigs | 15 | 0 | 0 | n.a. | |
F | sows | 30 | 1 | 3.3 | 20 (20) |
16 w.-o. growing pigs | 15 | 0 | 0 | n.a. | |
22 w.-o. growing pigs | 15 | 0 | 0 | n.a. |
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Gorin, S.; Fablet, C.; Quéguiner, S.; Barbier, N.; Paboeuf, F.; Hervé, S.; Rose, N.; Simon, G. Assessment of Influenza D Virus in Domestic Pigs and Wild Boars in France: Apparent Limited Spread within Swine Populations Despite Serological Evidence of Breeding Sow Exposure. Viruses 2020, 12, 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12010025
Gorin S, Fablet C, Quéguiner S, Barbier N, Paboeuf F, Hervé S, Rose N, Simon G. Assessment of Influenza D Virus in Domestic Pigs and Wild Boars in France: Apparent Limited Spread within Swine Populations Despite Serological Evidence of Breeding Sow Exposure. Viruses. 2020; 12(1):25. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12010025
Chicago/Turabian StyleGorin, Stéphane, Christelle Fablet, Stéphane Quéguiner, Nicolas Barbier, Frédéric Paboeuf, Séverine Hervé, Nicolas Rose, and Gaëlle Simon. 2020. "Assessment of Influenza D Virus in Domestic Pigs and Wild Boars in France: Apparent Limited Spread within Swine Populations Despite Serological Evidence of Breeding Sow Exposure" Viruses 12, no. 1: 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12010025